{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T16:57:32Z","timestamp":1773939452343,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SMER Smart-En-Route (SMER), Eureka Innovation Beyond Borders","award":["E!17149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E!17149"]}]},{"name":"Croatian Agency for SMEs, Innovations and Investments","award":["HAMAG-BICRO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HAMAG-BICRO"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicle-mounted sensing enables high-resolution urban monitoring but remains constrained by heterogeneous multimodal integration, intermittent connectivity, privacy-sensitive visual data, and the absence of enforceable multi-provider governance. This paper introduces a governance-aware private cloud architecture that treats provider isolation, role-based access control, and privacy-by-design as core architectural properties rather than application-layer add-ons. The layered, containerised microservice design supports asynchronous store-and-forward ingestion, modality-specific processing pipelines, and GPU-accelerated object detection for structured metadata extraction. A key innovation is ingestion-time visual abstraction, which structurally separates raw imagery from derived observations and enforces lifecycle-based retention policies, embedding data minimisation directly into the data flow. The fully open-source implementation is validated through a two-month multi-provider pilot with continuous multimodal collection. Results demonstrate stable ingestion without data loss, real-time visual inference (~200 ms per frame), strict provider-level isolation under concurrent access, and up to 95% storage reduction via metadata abstraction. The findings establish a replicable architectural paradigm for scalable, privacy-aware, multi-actor mobile sensing infrastructures suitable for metropolitan-scale smart city deployment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26061939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:38:01Z","timestamp":1773934681000},"page":"1939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Governance-Aware Private Cloud Architecture for Scalable Multi-Provider Vehicle-Based Multimodal Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0683-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zdravko","family":"Kuni\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit for Information Systems and Business Analytics, Algebra Bernays University, Gradi\u0161\u0107anska ulica 24, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8638-6044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vedran","family":"Daki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit for System Engineering and Cybersecurity, Algebra Bernays University, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5566-1581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zlatan","family":"Mori\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit for System Engineering and Cybersecurity, Algebra Bernays University, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28169-3_15","article-title":"On-the-fly calibration of low-cost gas sensors","volume":"Volume 7158","author":"Hasenfratz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wireless Sensor Networks, Proceedings of the 9th European Conference, Trento, Italy, 15\u201317 February 2012"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devarakonda, S., Sevusu, P., Liu, H., Liu, R., Iftode, L., and Nath, B. 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