{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T22:19:14Z","timestamp":1781129954145,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011744","name":"NUHS Summit Programme in Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NUHSRO\/2022\/RO5+6\/SPIN\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NUHSRO\/2022\/RO5+6\/SPIN\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011744","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National University Hospital, Singapore"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cataract diagnosis requires a comprehensive dilated examination by an ophthalmologist using a slit lamp; there is currently no effective means to objectively screen for cataracts in the community using portable devices without dilation. We hypothesized that it would be possible to predict cataract severity using deep learning on images taken using a portable smartphone-based slit lamp prototype, with and without dilation. In this prospective cross-sectional pilot study, slit lamp images were captured from eligible patients with cataracts in a tertiary clinic using a portable slit lamp prototype attached to a smartphone. The Pentacam nuclear staging score (PNS, Pentacam\u00ae, Oculus, Inc., Arlington, WA, USA) was taken from the dilated pupils and served as ground truth. A transformer prototypical network with the Swin transformer on the images was trained to assign the class label corresponding to the highest predicted probability. Heat maps were generated based on attribution masks to identify the anatomical areas of concern. A total of 1900 images from 198 eyes of 99 patients were captured. The average age was 65.3 \u00b1 10.4 years (range, 41.0 to 88.0 years) and the average PNS score was 1.57 \u00b1 0.81 (range, 0 to 4). The model achieved an average accuracy of 81.25% and 74.38% for undilated and dilated eyes, respectively. Heat map visualization using the integrated gradient method successfully identified the anatomical area of interest in certain images. This study suggests the possibility of estimating cataract density using a portable smartphone slit lamp device without dilation. Further work is under way to validate this technique in a larger and more diverse group of eyes with cataracts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26061954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T10:49:58Z","timestamp":1774003798000},"page":"1954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prediction of Cataract Severity Using Slit Lamp Images from a Portable Smartphone Device: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2153-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Z.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119024, Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Innovational and Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3879-9814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changshuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6742-4332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junran","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9193-8234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beng Chin","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000340","article-title":"The Global State of Cataract Blindness","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. 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