{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:21:11Z","timestamp":1774614071908,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The optimal frequency of EEG biofeedback sessions for elite athletes remains unclear, despite growing adoption of neurofeedback in high-performance sport. Methods: This randomized, controlled study compared three EEG biofeedback protocols (daily, every-other-day, every-third-day) in 24 national-level male judo athletes stratified into three phenotypic groups. Each protocol comprised 15 standardized sessions. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included functional indices (strength, power) and neurophysiological measures (Frontal Alpha Index, EMG amplitude\/RMS, corrected strength sum). Biosensor performance was validated via signal quality metrics. Results: Daily EEG biofeedback produced superior improvements in strength, FAI, and fatigue resistance. Although LRG showed the largest pre\u2013post RMS increase (+17.44 \u03bcV vs. +16.54 \u03bcV in HRG), HRG maintained the highest post-intervention RMS values and best fatigue resistance (MF_drop = \u22122.15 Hz). Significant group \u00d7 time interactions were observed for FAI (p = 0.027) and RMS (p = 0.019). Every-other-day protocols yielded moderate gains, while every-third-day protocols produced minimal or maladaptive EMG\u2013load dynamics. A robust dose\u2013response relationship was evident. Conclusions: Session frequency is critical for optimizing neurofeedback interventions in elite athletes. Daily EEG biofeedback confers superior adaptation compared to less frequent dosing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26072077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:32:47Z","timestamp":1774611167000},"page":"2077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing Session Frequency in EEG Biofeedback: A Comparative Study of Protocol Dynamics and Neuromuscular Adaptation in Elite Judo Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Alicja","family":"Markiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Skalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Culture, Gda\u0144sk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0227-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"\u0141osi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Culture, Gda\u0144sk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"\u017bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9139-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Maszczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Physical Culture, Gda\u0144sk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70055","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70055","article-title":"The Effect of EEG Neurofeedback Training on Sport Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scand. 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