{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:29:46Z","timestamp":1790360986419,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFB3211600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFB3211600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22222205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22222205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52573208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52573208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22222205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22222205"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52573208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52573208"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Fund of Macao","award":["0063\/2024\/RIA1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0063\/2024\/RIA1"]}]},{"award":["0063\/2024\/RIA1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0063\/2024\/RIA1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05vna4324","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Suzhou Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Intelligent Matter","award":["SZS2022011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZS2022011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biosensors based on electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs) have attracted considerable attention due to their advantages, including low cost, inherent signal amplification, and low-voltage operation. A critical step influencing sensing performance is the integration of specific receptors onto the device surface. Among various strategies, the covalent immobilization of biorecognition elements onto gold surfaces via thiol chemistry is one of the most widely used approaches. In this study, we report the optimization of a mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) composed of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) and 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) for label-free detection of human IgG using EGOFETs. The quality of the SAM was systematically modulated by varying the total concentration from 10 to 400 mM and characterized using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The results revealed that a concentration of 50 mM yielded a densely packed and well-ordered monolayer. After covalent immobilization of anti-IgG antibodies via 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride\/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC\/NHS) chemistry and subsequent blocking with ethanolamine and bovine serum albumin (BSA), the functionalized gate electrodes were integrated into poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)-based EGOFETs. Electrical measurements demonstrated that EGOFET biosensors functionalized with the 50 mM SAM achieved optimal sensing performance. The devices exhibited a highly linear response (R2 = 0.998) over a wide concentration range from 1 fM to 10 nM, with a LOD of 2.82 fM, and showed excellent selectivity against non-target immunoglobulins A and M (IgA and IgM). This SAM concentration optimization strategy provides a versatile approach for engineering high-performance EGOFET biosensors, with potential applicability to a broad range of disease biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26082290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T11:41:18Z","timestamp":1775648478000},"page":"2290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interface Quality Control of Self-Assembled Monolayer for Highly Sensitive Protein Detection Based on EGOFETs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyou","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), MUST-SUDA Joint Research Center for Advanced Functional Materials, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianjue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"},{"name":"Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), MUST-SUDA Joint Research Center for Advanced Functional Materials, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2020.107671","article-title":"An Advanced Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor for the Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection and Determination of Human IgG","volume":"137","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10661","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b03109","article-title":"Measurement of Pre-Existing IgG and IgM Antibodies against Polyethylene Glycol in Healthy Individuals","volume":"88","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. 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