{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T18:11:39Z","timestamp":1783188699955,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex chronic syndrome marked by widespread musculoskeletal pain, neurocognitive dysfunction (\u201cfibro-fog\u201d), and autonomic disturbances. Clinical management remains challenging due to subjective symptom reporting and the lack of definitive diagnostics. Emerging evidence points to a multifactorial origin involving central sensitization, neuroendocrine imbalance, and systemic immune-inflammatory alterations. A wide array of candidate biomarkers has been reported in FM, encompassing neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), excitatory and inhibitory amino acids, metabolic and glycolytic enzymes, stress-related proteins, autoantibodies, oxidative stress markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This molecular heterogeneity reflects the systemic and multidimensional nature of FM. However, most of these biomarkers have been primarily investigated in serum or plasma, where analytical validation and reference ranges are more established. In contrast, the exploration of salivary biomarkers\u2014although highly attractive due to its non-invasive, stress-free, and repeatable collection\u2014remains comparatively limited. Saliva contains a reduced concentration range of many systemic markers and is strongly influenced by circadian rhythms, stress, flow rate, and oral health conditions. While promising candidates such as \u03b1-amylase, cortisol, calgranulins, and selected metabolic enzymes have shown potential in saliva, many proposed FM-related biomarkers lack full analytical validation, standardized protocols, and clinically defined reference intervals in this matrix. In this context, non-invasive electrochemical biosensors represent a transformative technological approach. Advanced electrode architectures incorporating nucleic acid probes, redox reporters, and nanostructured materials offer high sensitivity in low-volume and low-concentration biofluids such as saliva. The integration of multiplexed biomarker panels into portable platforms could enable real-time, longitudinal monitoring of FM pathophysiology, supporting phenotype stratification, personalized therapeutic adjustment, and objective disease activity tracking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26082301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T15:26:39Z","timestamp":1775661999000},"page":"2301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Non-Invasive Electrochemical Biosensors for Fibromyalgia: A Path Toward Objective Physiological Monitoring and Personalized Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3761-0542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Moreno-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3234-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Herv\u00e1s-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4419-8613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edurne","family":"\u00dabeda-D'Ocasar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FIBYSAR Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, HM Hospitals, University Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 49, Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, 28692 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria, HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5617-4788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Paniagua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benebo, F.O., Lukic, M., Jakobsen, M.D., and Braaten, T.B. (2023). Lifestyle Risk Factors of Self-Reported Fibromyalgia in the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) Study. 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