{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T05:34:41Z","timestamp":1777008881724,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a methodology enabling the use of a Pitot probe for static pressure measurement in supersonic flow under severely confined spatial conditions where standard design guidelines cannot be satisfied. In particular, the recommended placement of a static pressure tapping at a distance of 10\u201320 tube diameters is not feasible; the proposed approach allows for the tapping to be located immediately downstream of the static tube cone. The methodology combines theoretical analysis, experimental measurements, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. Experiments were performed using appropriately selected pressure sensors, while detailed simulations in Ansys Fluent (Ansys 2024 R2) included both a high-fidelity probe model and free-stream flow analysis. By comparing experimental and numerical results, a correction coefficient was established based on the free-stream dynamic pressure obtained from CFD. This enables the accurate estimation of static pressure even in non-ideal probe configurations. The measurement error did not exceed 20%, while in most cases, very good agreement between experimental and CFD results was achieved. The main contribution of this paper is the validated methodology, which extends the applicability of Pitot probes to geometrically constrained environments where conventional static pressure measurement techniques cannot be implemented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26082354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:05:51Z","timestamp":1775840751000},"page":"2354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Methodology for Static Pressure Measurement Under Confined Spatial Conditions in the Low-Pressure Range"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3908-5120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavla","family":"\u0160aback\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technick\u00e1 10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, Kr\u00e1lovopolsk\u00e1 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0640-0406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Maxa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technick\u00e1 10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, Kr\u00e1lovopolsk\u00e1 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"B\u00edlek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technick\u00e1 10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8528-4430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Bayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technick\u00e1 10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4426-2857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Binar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technick\u00e1 10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 1665\/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9793-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Ba\u010da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technick\u00e1 10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3963-9364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vojt\u011bch","family":"Hlavi\u010dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, Kr\u00e1lovopolsk\u00e1 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3983-7735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"\u010cupera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 1665\/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3304-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Votava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 1665\/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3987-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vojt\u011bch","family":"Kumb\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 1665\/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7266-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenka","family":"Dob\u0161\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Kounicova 65, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2004.07.014","article-title":"A Microfluidic Experimental Platform with Internal Pressure Measurements","volume":"118","author":"Kohl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. 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