{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:36:40Z","timestamp":1785404200581,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010880","name":"State Grid Corporation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5500-202427168A-1-1-ZN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5500-202427168A-1-1-ZN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["5500-202427168A-1-1-ZN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5500-202427168A-1-1-ZN"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05twwhs70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impact artificial seismic sources are gaining popularity in reflection seismic exploration. However, challenges arise due to the uncertain delay between the hammer\u2019s acceleration and its impact on the interface, as well as the strong vibrations or pulsed magnetic fields produced during the acceleration process. These factors complicate the synchronous triggering methods typically used in traditional explosive and sledgehammer artificial seismic sources, often resulting in temporal misalignment of the acquired data. To tackle this issue, this study introduces a high-precision synchronous triggering method based on non-contact audio detection. Utilizing an STM32F4 microcontroller as the core hardware, the system collects ambient audio and extracts 39-dimensional acoustic features via Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC). A lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) model is employed to accurately identify hammer impact events. Additionally, a synchronization time compensation mechanism is implemented to address system processing delays. Results from 300 field tests conducted in three environments\u2014open ground, construction site, and mining tunnel\u2014demonstrate that the system achieves a triggering accuracy of up to 94.6%, with compensated triggering time errors controlled within \u00b1125 \u03bcs, thereby meeting the minimum tolerable synchronous triggering error requirement. This study significantly enhances the reliability of impact-type Artificial Seismic Source exploration data and offers insights for the application of sound recognition in engineering surveying and other related fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26082413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T10:30:23Z","timestamp":1776249023000},"page":"2413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Synchronous Triggering Method for Impact Artificial Seismic Source and Seismographs Based on Non-Contact Audio Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7504-1718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7738-534X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukaichen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0450-4966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zizhuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7593-9886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3496926","article-title":"Synchronous Acquisition Control System and Coordinate Correction Algorithm for Subway Tunnel Comprehensive Detection Equipment","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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