{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:41:43Z","timestamp":1776919303767,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Locked-in Syndrome (LIS) is a neurological condition in which individuals remain conscious but experience complete paralysis of voluntary muscles, except for eye movements\u2014highlighting the need for reliable assistive communication technologies. This study presents the design and evaluation of an Arabic electrooculogram (EOG)-based communication system with adaptive classification capabilities for LIS applications. A custom-designed EOG acquisition circuit incorporating filtering and amplification stages was implemented and compared with the OpenBCI Cyton board. The system employed a hybrid classification approach combining amplitude, temporal, and statistical features to distinguish between blinks and voluntary vertical eye movements. Testing with ten healthy subjects yielded a mean classification accuracy of 83.96% \u00b1 4.59% and an information transfer rate of 10.43 letters per minute, corresponding to a 30.38% improvement over conventional approaches. The custom-designed circuit achieved a signal-to-noise ratio of 25.21 dB, outperforming the OpenBCI Cyton board by 8% while reducing system cost by 62%. The integration with a Morse code-based interface enabled Arabic letter composition, while the system incorporated auto-completion and text-to-speech functionalities to further enhance communication efficiency. This cost-effective solution addresses a critical gap in assistive technologies for Arabic-speaking individuals with LIS and shows strong potential for enhancing their communication abilities and overall quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26082425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T14:02:33Z","timestamp":1776261753000},"page":"2425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and Performance Evaluation of a Low-Cost High-SNR EOG Sensing System for Arabic Locked-In Syndrome Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8911-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh I.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najat","family":"Alomari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Alkilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3572-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lama","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bushra","family":"Melhem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)50034-7","article-title":"The locked-in syndrome: What is it like to be conscious but paralyzed and voiceless?","volume":"150","author":"Laureys","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. 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