{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:00:00Z","timestamp":1789434000347,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GP0026006 2019-FED-224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GP0026006 2019-FED-224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["GP0026006 2019-FED-224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GP0026006 2019-FED-224"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University Hospital of Guadeloupe"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infrared thermography is a non-contact tool for monitoring inflammatory processes in the diabetic foot, but quantitative bedside use remains challenging with low-cost thermal infrared cameras due to radiometric drift, non-uniformity (vignetting), geometric distortions, and visible\u2013thermal parallax. This paper presents an end-to-end clinical and instrumental framework built around a cheap thermal camera to ensure reproducible acquisition and physically consistent temperature estimation. The approach combines a standardized mobile acquisition setup and measurement protocol, extraction of embedded radiometric data from raw images, radiometric inversion with atmospheric correction, vignette correction performed in the radiometric domain, and geometric calibration of both visible and infrared sensors using dedicated (thermal) calibration targets. Accurate visible\u2013infrared registration is obtained from hybrid heated markers, enabling reliable overlay and downstream analysis. The full processing chain yields quantitative thermograms with radiometric errors below 0.15 \u00b0C and sub-pixel multimodal alignment, supporting the detection of clinically relevant plantar temperature asymmetries and paving the way for routine calibrated low-cost thermography in diabetic foot care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26082438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T07:37:19Z","timestamp":1776325039000},"page":"2438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical Thermography of the Diabetic Foot Using a Low-Cost Thermal Camera: Processing and Instrumental Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5026-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Van\u00e9va","family":"Chingan-Martino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetic Foot Service, University Hospital, 97139 Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France"},{"name":"INSERM-CIC-1424, University Hospital, 97139 Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9riem","family":"Allali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medical Service (SAMU-SAU), University Hospital, 97139 Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Henri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Lo Health Research & Medical Innovation, 97190 Le Gosier, Guadeloupe, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Hadji Mama","family":"Gu\u00e8ne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solaymath, Tamusana Senegal, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7578-9259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Gibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LGL-TPE, Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, ENSL, CNRS, UMR 5276, 69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7295-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Ch\u00e9ret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM-CIC-1424, University Hospital, 97139 Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France"},{"name":"Service de Plateforme de Diagnostic et Th\u00e9rapeutique Pluridisciplinaires, University Hospital, 97139 Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70112-8","article-title":"Diabetes: A 21st century challenge","volume":"2","author":"Zimmet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2011","article-title":"Mechanisms of diabetic complications","volume":"93","author":"Forbes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. 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