{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T05:10:53Z","timestamp":1778303453469,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aiming at the technical pain points of traditional manhole covers with low intelligence high cost and excessive power consumption, this study designs a TENG-based alarm device to enhance the safety and maintenance efficiency of urban infrastructure. The device integrates a water immersion sensor and a displacement sensor enabling real-time status monitoring through a unique TENG mechanism. The solid\u2013liquid mode water immersion sensor detects seepage through the triboelectrification effect. Water droplets contact electrodes on the surface of FEP film and generate electric energy to trigger the detection circuit. The displacement sensor adopts the independent layer mode of TENG and combines with a mechanical tumbler mechanism to realize displacement detection. External force-induced manhole cover displacement drives internal balls to roll and rub against electrodes. Electric energy is then generated to activate the detection circuit. On the basis of the two sensors, an efficient and reliable intelligent alarm system is constructed. The system receives and analyzes displacement and water immersion-sensing signals in real time. It rapidly identifies potential safety hazards including displacement offset water accumulation and leakage. Signal analysis and early warning prompts are completed synchronously. This system provides accurate and real-time data support for public facility monitoring, pipe network operation and maintenance, and regional security in smart cities. It helps achieve early detection and early disposal of hidden dangers and improves the intelligent and refined level of smart city monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26092590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T14:29:03Z","timestamp":1776868143000},"page":"2590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Smart Manhole Cover with Tumbler Structure Based on Dual-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0841-6625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bowen","family":"Cha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5490-9979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zilong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandi, N., Karri, J.S., Nune, S.S.S., Ravada, L., Darapu, D., and Ieee Computer, S.O.C. 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