{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T08:16:16Z","timestamp":1778055376457,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Motor reserve (MR) has been hypothesized as a protective factor against age-related and pathological motor decline, potentially enhancing quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the influence of MR on motor performance, assessed via mobile health technology (MHT), in drug-na\u00efve Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) patients. Methods: Consecutive drug-na\u00efve PD patients and age-matched healthy controls (HC) underwent cognitive and motor assessments. Turning MHT parameters were extracted from the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) performed at self-selected and fast speeds. Participants were categorized into high- or low-MR groups based on the Motor Reserve Index questionnaire (MRIq). Results: Forty-five PD patients and forty healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. PD patients showed longer TUG durations and altered performance compared to HC. No differences were found between high and low motor reserve (MR) groups in demographics or clinical severity. However, high-MR patients exhibited shorter turn duration and higher angular velocities at both self-selected (p &lt; 0.005) and fast speeds (p &lt; 0.05). MR subdomains related to physical and care activities correlated with MHT turning metrics, unlike housework and leisure domains. Conclusions: the findings highlighted the relevance of MR on motor performances assessed by MHT in drug na\u00efve PD, independently from motor severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26092594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T08:11:14Z","timestamp":1776931874000},"page":"2594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wearable Inertial Sensor Analysis of Turning Performance Reveals Motor Reserve Effects in Drug-Na\u00efve Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4568-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Rizzardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Digital Neurology and Biosensors, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Zatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Digital Neurology and Biosensors, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7804-5106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Fallahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Digital Neurology and Biosensors, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Bonomelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Digital Neurology and Biosensors, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Eshja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Digital Neurology and Biosensors, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Ogliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Pucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Nucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2144-9435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Mondini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4813-3868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clint","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2507-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robbin","family":"Romijnders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5945-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Maetzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Padovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Digital Neurology and Biosensors, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Brain Health Center, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pilotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Digital Neurology 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