{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T10:49:06Z","timestamp":1776941346626,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This prospective, cross-sectional study evaluated reaction time (RT) variations across different sensory stimuli to investigate the efficacy of haptic feedback (HF) in reducing response latency for telesurgical applications. Three healthy-volunteer age cohorts (18\u201325, 35\u201345, and 55\u201365 years) were tested using visual, auditory, superficial, and deep sensations, alongside a multimodal stimulus combining visual and superficial inputs to simulate HF. The findings revealed that combined visual and superficial stimulation yielded a mean RT of 227 \u00b1 27 ms, outperforming visual-only stimulation by 40 ms (95% CI: 32\u201348 ms) and superficial-only stimulation by 26 ms (95% CI: 20\u201333 ms) (p = 0.001). While this performance boost was consistent across all age groups, the 55\u201365 age cohort demonstrated the most pronounced reduction in RT when the combined stimuli were used. These results suggest that integrating tactile sensations with visual cues significantly mitigates latency compared to unimodal inputs, underscoring the potential of haptic feedback to enhance operator performance and safety in latency-sensitive environments like remote surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26092597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T10:10:17Z","timestamp":1776939017000},"page":"2597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Haptic Feedback Reduces Telesurgery Operators\u2019 Reaction Times Compared to Conventional Stimulation: Results of a First-in-Human Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Vaidas","family":"Labunskas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Telematics Science Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Inovatyvi Medicina, UAB, 44352 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vilius","family":"Dambrauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Telematics Science Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Inovatyvi Medicina, UAB, 44352 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6812-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"August\u0117","family":"Melaikait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vilhelmas Konstantinas","family":"Landsbergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6489-8796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radvil\u0117","family":"Kadyt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Augustinas","family":"Bau\u0161ys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Baltr\u016bnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inovatyvi Medicina, UAB, 44352 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, H. 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