{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:28:08Z","timestamp":1785432488820,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Science and Technology Program of Hubei Province","award":["2025BAA007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025BAA007"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42274023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["42274023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The BeiDou-3 (BDS-3) Precise Point Positioning service (PPP-B2b) can realize decimeter-level positioning by broadcasting satellite orbit, clock offset, and code bias corrections via GEO satellites, enabling PPP without reliance on ground communication networks. However, the current PPP-B2b service only provides corrections for BDS-3 and GPS satellites, which limits the number of available satellites and may affect positioning performance in challenging environments. To further enhance the positioning performance, we propose to incorporate Galileo observation into the PPP-B2b positioning. A PPP model integrating PPP-B2b service and broadcast ephemeris was established. First, the accuracy of the Galileo broadcast ephemeris was evaluated using precise orbit and clock products as references. The results show that the mean signal-in-space range error (SISRE) standard deviation of Galileo broadcast ephemeris is 0.30, which is only a little worse than that of GPS from PPP-B2b service. Then, the positioning experiments were conducted under different elevation cutoff angles. The experiments were conducted using data from 94 reference stations in China over a 7-day period. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of Galileo satellites significantly increases the number of visible satellites and improves satellite geometry. Compared with the BDS-3\/GPS dual-system PPP solution, the BDS-3\/GPS\/Galileo triple-system PPP solution reduces the horizontal convergence time by approximately 13.70\u201316.67% and the vertical convergence time by about 18.75\u201320.00% under cutoff angles from 7\u00b0 to 30\u00b0 based on the 68th percentile statistics. The 95th percentile results further confirm the advantage of the triple-system solution under a more stringent statistical criterion. Where convergence is achieved, the triple-system solution reduces the horizontal convergence time by approximately 6.0\u20137.3% and the vertical convergence time by about 15.3\u201326.0%. Moreover, the triple-system solution exhibits a smaller re-convergence jump under abnormal observation conditions. In addition, under high elevation cutoff conditions, the introduction of Galileo satellites effectively improves PPP availability, thereby enhancing the continuity and robustness of PPP. These results indicate that incorporating Galileo observation within the PPP-B2b framework can effectively improve PPP performance and provide a simple and practical approach for high-precision real-time positioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26103073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T12:46:55Z","timestamp":1778676415000},"page":"3073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Method for Enhancing the Positioning Performance of PPP-B2b by Integrating Galileo Observation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2055-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuena","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1951-1859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liwenle","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tencent Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Northwest Wangdong Road, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxiang","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tencent Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Northwest Wangdong Road, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 15th Research Institute, No. 211 Beisihuan Middle Road, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9042-2500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"China Satellite Navigation Office (2019). 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