{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:44:26Z","timestamp":1785437066154,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program","award":["Grant No.GuikeAB23026036 and Grant No. GuikeAB23026004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No.GuikeAB23026036 and Grant No. GuikeAB23026004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 62262011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 62262011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Grant No. 62262011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 62262011"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infrared (IR) object detection on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms is fundamentally challenged by low signal-to-noise ratios and extremely tight onboard computational budgets. Conventional CNNs lack sufficient global context, while Transformers suffer from quadratic complexity, hindering real-time deployment. To address these bottlenecks, we propose EfficientIR-Det, a lightweight end-to-end detector featuring a holistic optimization of the backbone, encoder, and sampling mechanisms. Specifically, we design a Partial Star Network (PSN) backbone that achieves implicit high-dimensional feature expansion via element-wise multiplication to amplify weak IR signals with minimal redundancy. Furthermore, a Hierarchical Mamba (HiMamba) encoder leverages selective state-space modeling to provide linear-complexity global enhancement with superior hardware efficiency. To refine cross-scale representations, we introduce an Adaptive Gated Sampling (AGS) module and a Hierarchical Sampling Strategy (HSS) to optimize feature fusion and sampling budget allocation toward dim-small targets. On HIT-UAV, EfficientIR-Det achieves 88.4% mAP@0.5, outperforming the RT-DETR-R18 baseline by 3.3 points while reducing FLOPs and parameters by 48.9% and 44.2%, respectively. On the larger-scale DroneVehicle dataset, it consistently leads with a 74.1% mAP@0.5 and a high inference speed of 140.8 FPS. Our results offer a promising research scheme for robust, real-time infrared perception on edge-constrained UAV platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26103129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:19:29Z","timestamp":1778854769000},"page":"3129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["EfficientIR-Det Towards Efficient and Accurate DETR for UAV Infrared Object Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Embedded Technology and Intelligent System, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanbin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Embedded Technology and Intelligent System, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2025.105199","article-title":"Unmanned Aerial Systems in Search and Rescue: A Global Perspective on Current Challenges and Future Applications","volume":"118","author":"Quero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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