{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:35:49Z","timestamp":1785418549673,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Endowed Manitoba Public Insurance (MPI) Chair in Neuroscience"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["530549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["530549"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["530549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["530549"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01gavpb45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008794","name":"Research Manitoba","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["6554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["6554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6554"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qrynm70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Continuous pressure-flow cerebral bio-signals are critical for monitoring cerebrovascular dynamics but are often disrupted by missing data segments caused by artifacts from a variety of sources. These missing segments refer to segments of the signal that do not contain any valid physiological data. Such interruptions fragment the signals, resulting in discontinuities that compromise their overall integrity. Therefore, reconstructing missing values and preserving signal continuity are essential for ensuring the stable computation of signal trajectories and the accuracy of derived cerebrovascular indices. Methods: To address this issue, this systematic scoping review aimed to identify and synthesize existing interpolation and imputation strategies for handling missing segments in continuous pressure-flow cerebral bio-signals. Following the Cochrane and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, a comprehensive search of five electronic databases was conducted from their inception to 24 September 2024, and updated on 16 June 2025, using a detailed search string. Results: The initial searches yielded 19,403 results, and 8 studies were filtered and included in the review. All included studies employed interpolation techniques, such as linear and spline interpolation algorithms, to correct distorted signal segments. However, none of the included studies directly utilized interpolation or imputation strategies to reconstruct or completely fill missing data segments. Conclusions: This reveals a critical knowledge gap, as no study has systematically addressed the utilization of interpolation or imputation strategies for missing segments in pressure-flow cerebral bio-signals. Therefore, this systematic review emphasizes the need for specialized methodologies and standardized frameworks to enable reliable recovery of missing data segments in pressure-flow cerebral bio-signals, which is critical for advancing real-time neurocritical care monitoring and experimental neuroscience\/psychological research. Significance: This systematic review lays the groundwork for future research into physiologically informed interpolation and imputation strategies for pressure-flow cerebral bio-signals in clinical and research applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26103134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:19:29Z","timestamp":1778854769000},"page":"3134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interpolation and Imputation Strategies for Missing Segments in Continuous Pressure-Flow Cerebral Bio-Signals: A Systematic Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3762-8374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isuru Sachitha","family":"Herath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Price Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabella","family":"Marquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Engineering, Price Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Ryznar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Engineering, Price Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Nemoga-Stout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Engineering, Price Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushu","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M8, 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Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2764-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuray","family":"Vakitbilir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Price Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3860-8134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah","family":"Silvaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1131-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansoor","family":"Hayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8062-0570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaewoong","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1082-6485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Price Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1737-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick A.","family":"Zeiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical 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