{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:34:08Z","timestamp":1785429248736,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INFN","award":["5 (CSN5)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 (CSN5)"]}]},{"award":["5 (CSN5)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 (CSN5)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/005ta0471","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>NanoArduSiPM represents a paradigm shift in the ArduSiPM (Architected Detection Unit for Silicon Photomultipliers) roadmap, evolving from a standalone instrument into a high-density modular building block (36 mm \u00d7 42 mm \u00d7 3 mm, 7 g). This revision does not merely pursue miniaturization; it re-engineers the signal-processing chain to maintain high performance within a scaled-down footprint, enabling the transition from single-unit detection to scalable, distributed multi-detector systems. NanoArduSiPM is based on a three-layer architecture comprising an external scintillator and Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) detection module, a dedicated high-speed discrete analog front-end, and a System-on-Chip (SoC) for embedded acquisition and processing. The physical implementation adopts high-integrity PCB routing and rigorous isolation techniques designed to suppress digital\u2013analog coupling, a critical requirement in such a compact form factor. This deterministic layout strategy provides the architectural foundation for time-tagging capabilities, currently under quantitative characterization, by addressing the fundamental sources of signal interference at the hardware level. Beyond hardware integration, NanoArduSiPM introduces the capability for extended firmware functionality, including event tagging via external inputs and the implementation of coincidence and veto logic. This framework supports the acquisition of multiple correlated histograms and allows multiple units to be interconnected on a shared SPI bus. By shifting from standalone operation to a coordinated, hierarchical architecture, NanoArduSiPM enables distributed detection schemes where event selection and correlation are handled natively within the system, reducing the dependency on external data acquisition electronics. The compact modular architecture, together with the high-performance discrete analog front-end and embedded data handling, makes NanoArduSiPM suitable for applications where low mass and low power consumption are critical, targeting applications such as space-based payloads, laboratory instrumentation, remote sensing, and large-scale distributed multi-channel detection systems. While no radiation-tolerance qualification of the complete system has been performed in this work, the microcontroller family used in the design is also available in radiation-tolerant variants, which may support future implementations targeting more demanding radiation environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26103135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:19:29Z","timestamp":1778854769000},"page":"3135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NanoArduSiPM: A Miniaturized Integrated Platform for Scalable Scintillation-Based Particle Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7448-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Bocci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7728-9074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Chiodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0808-5857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Iacoangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5029-6424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Merola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7789-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Recchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4501-3289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Ammendola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9027-2039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Badoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6067-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Casolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3180-1228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Marcelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8587-592X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianmaria","family":"Rebustini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3672-9592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo","family":"Reali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6018-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Salvato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Sezione di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17TR01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab7b2d","article-title":"The silicon photomultiplier: Fundamentals and applications of a modern solid-state photon detector","volume":"65","author":"Gundacker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bocci, V., Chiodi, G., Iacoangeli, F., Nuccetelli, M., and Recchia, L. (2024). The ArduSiPM: A compact transportable Software\/Hardware Data Acquisition system for SiPM detector. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS\/MIC), Seattle, WA, USA, 8\u201315 November 2014, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/NSSMIC.2014.7431252"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2023.168333","article-title":"ArduSiPM technology: Compact and light all-in-one detectors for space application","volume":"1053","author":"Bocci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bocci, V., Ali, B., Chiodi, G., Kubler, D., Iacoangeli, F., Masi, L., and Recchia, L. (2024). Cosmo ArduSiPM: An All-in-One Scintillation-Based Particle Detector for Earth and Space Application. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123836"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.11.023","article-title":"Radiation monitor RADMON aboard Aalto-1 CubeSat: First results","volume":"66","author":"Gieseler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2024.3376749","article-title":"The CELESTA CubeSat in-flight radiation measurements and their comparison with ground facilities predictions","volume":"71","author":"Coronetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1119\/1.5003806","article-title":"The desktop muon detector: A simple, physics-motivated machine- and electronics-shop project for university students","volume":"85","author":"Axani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1119\/1.5026595","article-title":"Gamma ray spectroscopy with Arduino UNO","volume":"86","author":"Lavelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P03032","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/15\/03\/P03032","article-title":"Development of Silicon Photomultiplier sensors using a 180 nm custom CMOS process technology","volume":"15","author":"Topkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063306","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0050210","article-title":"Miniaturized USB-powered multi-channel module for gamma spectroscopy and imaging","volume":"92","author":"Buonanno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P03015","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/17\/03\/P03015","article-title":"Comparison of Arduino Nano and Due processors for time-based data acquisition for low-cost mobile radiation detection systems","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolae, M.\u015e., Nicolae, I.D., Nicolae, R.C.P., and Nicolae, P.M. (2023, January 28\u201330). Remote Monitoring of Environment Radiation with Arduino Wemos and Geiger Counter Sensors. Proceedings of the 2023 Power Quality and Electromagnetic Compatibility at Low Frequency (PQEMC-LF), Craiova, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/PQEMC-LF58184.2023.10211935"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6hli, M., Weimar, J., Schmidt, S., Schmidt, F.P., Lambertz, A., Weber, L., Kaminski, J., and Schmidt, U. (2024). Arduino-Based Readout Electronics for Nuclear and Particle Physics. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092935"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7388","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c00899","article-title":"Ultrasensitive On-Field Luminescence Detection Using a Low-Cost Silicon Photomultiplier Device","volume":"93","author":"Calabretta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-P\u00e9rez-Cejuela, H., Calabretta, M.M., Bocci, V., D\u2019Elia, M., and Michelini, E. (2023). Super-Stable Metal\u2013Organic Framework (MOF)\/Luciferase Paper-Sensing Platform for Rapid ATP Detection. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13040451"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-020-00682-6","article-title":"A DROP-IN beta probe for robot-assisted 68Ga-PSMA radioguided surgery: First ex vivo technology evaluation using prostate cancer specimens","volume":"10","author":"Collamati","year":"2020","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C01098","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/6\/01\/C01098","article-title":"SPIROC (SiPM Integrated Read-Out Chip) dedicated to calorimetry","volume":"6","author":"Bouchel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C02022","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/9\/02\/C02022","article-title":"ROC chips for SiPM readout: Design and performance","volume":"9","author":"Callier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C02023","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/9\/02\/C02023","article-title":"PETIROC: A front-end ASIC for time-of-flight PET applications","volume":"9","author":"Ammendola","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"C03042","article-title":"TOFPET ASIC for PET applications","volume":"11","author":"Bugalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Microchip Technology Inc (2026, May 10). SAM E70\/S70\/V70\/V71 32-bit Arm Cortex-M7 MCUs with FPU, Audio and Graphics Interfaces, High-Speed USB, Ethernet, and Advanced Analog. Complete Datasheet, 2023. Available online: https:\/\/ww1.microchip.com\/downloads\/aemDocuments\/documents\/MCU32\/ProductDocuments\/DataSheets\/SAM-E70-S70-V70-V71-Family-Data-Sheet-DS60001527.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Merola, A., Bocci, V., and Iacoangeli, F. (2025). NanoArduSiPM Characterization: A Miniaturized High-Speed Photon Detector for Scintillation and Photometry. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Sapienza University of Rome]."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2026, May 10). Hamamatsu Photonics, Datasheet of S13360 Series. Available online: https:\/\/www.hamamatsu.com\/content\/dam\/hamamatsu-photonics\/sites\/documents\/99_SALES_LIBRARY\/ssd\/s13360_series_kapd1052e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2024, April 10). PicoQuant. Available online: https:\/\/www.picoquant.com\/products\/category\/picosecond-pulsed-sources\/pls-series-sub-nanosecond-pulsed-leds."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Bocci, V. (2024). A simple model for multiple coincidence SiPM dark noise. arXiv."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/10\/3135\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T04:20:57Z","timestamp":1778991657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/10\/3135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s26103135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26103135","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]}}}