{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:21:20Z","timestamp":1785410480345,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010418","name":"Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IITP-2026-RS-2022-00156287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2026-RS-2022-00156287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["IITP-2026-RS-2022-00156287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2026-RS-2022-00156287"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01g0hqq23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Series arc faults on the DC side of photovoltaic (PV) systems are a critical hazard that can trigger system fires. Conventional contact-based detection methods suffer from cumbersome installation and high retrofit cost, whereas existing non-contact approaches mostly rely on megahertz-level high-frequency sampling and therefore require expensive radio-frequency instrumentation or high-performance computing platforms. As a result, it remains difficult to simultaneously achieve strong interference immunity and real-time performance on low-cost embedded devices with limited resources. To address this engineering paradox between high-frequency sampling and constrained computational capability, this paper proposes a fully embedded, non-contact arc fault detection system based on a 12\u201380 kHz low-frequency sub-band selection strategy. By exploiting the physical characteristic of broadband energy elevation induced by arc faults, the proposed strategy avoids dependence on high-bandwidth hardware. Guided by this strategy, a Moebius-topology coaxial shielded loop antenna is employed as the near-field sensor, while an ultra-simplified passive analog front end is constructed directly by using the on-chip programmable gain amplifier and analog-to-digital converter of the microcontroller unit, enabling efficient signal acquisition and fast Fourier transform processing within the target sub-band. To cope with complex background noise in the low-frequency range, an environment-adaptive baseline mechanism based on exponential moving average and exponential absolute deviation is developed for dynamic decoupling. In addition, a lightweight INT8-quantized multilayer perceptron is introduced as a nonlinear auxiliary module, thereby forming a robust hybrid decision architecture with complementary rule-based and artificial intelligence components. Experimental results show that, under the tested household, laboratory, and PV-site conditions, the proposed system achieved an overall detection rate of 97%, while the remaining 3% mainly corresponded to failed ignition or non-sustained arc attempts rather than persistent false triggering during normal monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26103138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:19:29Z","timestamp":1778854769000},"page":"3138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protection-Oriented Non-Intrusive Arc Fault Detection in Photovoltaic DC Systems via Rule\u2013AI Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0569-7385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"HongMing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Honam University, 417 Eodeung-daero, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju 62399, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0062-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ko","family":"JaeHa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Honam University, 417 Eodeung-daero, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju 62399, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Li, X., Ban, Y., Ma, X., Hao, C., Zhou, J., and Cai, H. 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