{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:19:19Z","timestamp":1785417559433,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CR12I1_166348\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CR12I1_166348\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CR12I1_166348\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CR12I1_166348\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yjd3n13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Couples generally manage chronic diseases together and the management takes an emotional toll on both patients and their romantic partners. Consequently, recognizing the emotions of each partner in daily life could provide insight into their emotional well-being in chronic disease management. Currently, the process of assessing each partner\u2019s emotions is manual, time-intensive, and costly. Despite the existence of works on emotion recognition among couples, none of these works have used data collected from couples\u2019 interactions in daily life. In this work, we collected 85 h (1021 5-min samples) of real-world multimodal smartwatch sensor data (speech, heart rate, accelerometer, and gyroscope) and self-reported emotion data (n = 612) from 26 partners (13 couples) managing diabetes mellitus type 2 in daily life. We extracted physiological, movement, acoustic, and linguistic features, and trained machine learning models (support vector machine and random forest) to recognize each partner\u2019s self-reported emotions (valence and arousal). Our results from the best models\u2014balanced accuracies of 63.8% and 78.1% for arousal and valence respectively\u2014are better than the results from (1) chance, (2) prior work that also used data from German-speaking, Swiss-based couples, and (3) partners\u2019 perceptions of each other\u2019s emotions. This work contributes toward building automated emotion recognition systems that would eventually enable partners to monitor their emotions in daily life and enable the delivery of interventions to improve their emotional well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26103141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:19:29Z","timestamp":1778854769000},"page":"3141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u201cAre You Okay, Honey?\u201d: Recognizing Emotions Among Couples Managing Diabetes in Daily Life Using Multimodal Real-World Smartwatch Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4540-9582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Boateng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4887-1924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Data Science in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0968-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Speichert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4842-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elgar","family":"Fleisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Technology Management, University of St. Gallen, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2453-1925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janina","family":"L\u00fcscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, 6002 Lucerne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6855-1787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"Pauly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0184-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urte","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0964-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Bodenmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5939-4145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Kowatsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of St. Gallen, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1074840712471899","article-title":"Interrelation between adult persons with diabetes and their family: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Rintala","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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