{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T05:07:03Z","timestamp":1779426423139,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The field inspection and ripeness detection of tomatoes in China remain heavily dependent on manual labor, while existing robotic solutions often exhibit limited functionality, poor environmental adaptability, prohibitive hardware costs, and unstable positioning accuracy. To address these limitations, this study proposes an intelligent tomato inspection robot that seamlessly integrates real-time ripeness recognition with precise spatial localization. Built upon a Raspberry Pi 5 core controller, the robot employs a lightweight, layered modular architecture designed to flexibly navigate complex agricultural environments. A comprehensive, multi-dimensional image dataset of tomato ripeness was constructed to train a three-category detection model based on the YOLOv8n architecture. Following 413 training epochs, the model demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving an overall mAP@0.5 of 87.8% and an mAP@0.5:0.95 of 72.7% on the held-out test dataset. In field inspections, the system achieved detection precisions of 82.22% for immature tomatoes, 92.66% for half-ripened tomatoes, and 100% for fully ripe tomatoes, successfully identifying all ripe tomatoes and satisfying the practical demands of field inspection. Furthermore, the integration of an Ultra-Wideband positioning system yielded an overall Root Mean Square Error of 0.231 m, successfully confining positioning errors to within 0.24 m to fully satisfy the stringent localization demands of crop-level inspection. Field evaluations confirmed that under optimal configurations, the robot can efficiently inspect a 50-m planting row in 10 min (\u00b11 min) and maintains a continuous operational battery life of 2 h (\u00b110 min). The core contribution of this work is the system-level integration and optimization of technologies for greenhouse agriculture. This integrated design achieves low hardware cost and high deployment flexibility, addressing longstanding challenges of labor-intensive inspection and delayed harvesting, and delivering a practical solution for intelligent tomato plantation management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26103174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T12:36:40Z","timestamp":1779107800000},"page":"3174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tomato Ripeness Detection and Localization Based on the Intelligent Inspection Robot Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxia","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2016.06.014","article-title":"Agricultural robots for field operations: Concepts and components","volume":"149","author":"Bechar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosyst. 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