{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:03:04Z","timestamp":1785402184936,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012632","name":"Nazarbayev University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111024CRP2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111024CRP2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["111024CRP2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111024CRP2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052bx8q98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Gait analysis technologies have advanced; however, traditional systems like optical motion capture are lab-bound and costly, limiting rehabilitation monitoring. This cross-sectional study evaluates self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) insoles combined with IMU sensors to assess gait asymmetry, plantar pressure signatures, age effects and injury history in rehabilitation patients, aiming to enable portable, battery-free phenotyping. (2) Methods: Fifty-three patients (22 females, 31 males; age, 29 \u00b1 26 years) from Astana clinics with trauma histories (e.g., spine, ankle, fractures) and 10 healthy references underwent a 2 min walk test (2MWT). TENG insoles captured plantar loading; ankle\/knee IMUs measured spatiotemporal parameters (cadence, asymmetry). The data were normalized; the analyses used an ANOVA and correlations (Python 3.14.3). (3) Results: The TENG sensors showed force\/frequency linearity (up to 10 V at 20 N). The cadence averaged 101 \u00b1 10 steps\/min, declining with age (r = \u22120.31, p = 0.03) and fractures (r = \u22120.23, p = 0.04). The asymmetry varied (\u221254% to +31%) without category differences. Flatfoot (55%) was linked to lateral loading shifts; condition-specific waveform signatures emerged (e.g., lateral heel in ankle issues). (4) TENG-IMU systems feasibly capture gait phenotypes in heterogeneous cohorts, supporting out-of-lab monitoring for personalized rehabilitation without batteries. Prospective validation is required for further practical implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26103191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:40:31Z","timestamp":1779115231000},"page":"3191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-Powered Triboelectric Insole for Gait Asymmetry and Plantar Pressure Signatures in Rehabilitation Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5753-4271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perizat","family":"Kanabekova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeliya","family":"Anash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Mirai Technovation Ltd., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5956-9790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Morouco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Program for Physical Activity Promotion, Directorate-General of Health, 1049-005 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1512-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bekzhan","family":"Pirmakhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mirai Technovation Ltd., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 020000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9185-3217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulnur","family":"Kalimuldina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Mirai Technovation Ltd., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hulleck, A.A., Menoth Mohan, D., Abdallah, N., El Rich, M., and Khalaf, K. 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