{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:12:50Z","timestamp":1788934370824,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Exploratory Projects EUt+ 2026"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>CD4+ T lymphocytes are important regulators of immune homeostasis, and their dysregulation is closely linked to a wide range of diseases. For this reason, their reliable detection remains a major challenge. Despite the fact that current methods are analytically robust, they rely mainly on laboratory infrastructure, limiting their flexibility and wider applicability. The present review analyzes established and emerging approaches for CD4+ T-cell detection, with a focus on their practical limitations regarding portability, flexibility and applicability. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, the authors are examining the possibility of exploring marine magnetotactic bacteria (MTBs) as active biological elements in immune cell detection due to their intrinsic magnetic properties, biological organization, and surface biofunctionalization potential. Rather than offering an immediate technological solution, the use of MTBs serves as a challenging biological framework that could provide more adaptable and sensitive detection strategies. At the same time, the limitations of this concept are acknowledged, emphasizing the need for further experimental validation, considering that this strategy, although promising, remains an exploratory concept.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26113324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T01:45:08Z","timestamp":1779673508000},"page":"3324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CD4+ T Lymphocytes\u2014From Their Multiple Immunological Roles to New Sensing Strategies Using Marine Magnetotactic Bacteria\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6407-9722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies\u2014L2n, University of Technology of Troyes & CNRS UMR 7076, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS 42060, CEDEX, 10004 Troyes, France"},{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering Department, Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Eut+ Institute for Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies EUTINN, European University of Technology, European Union"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4188-1169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalin","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering Department, Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Eut+ Institute for Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies EUTINN, European University of Technology, European Union"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4744-6857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodica","family":"Ionescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies\u2014L2n, University of Technology of Troyes & CNRS UMR 7076, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS 42060, CEDEX, 10004 Troyes, France"},{"name":"Eut+ Institute for Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies EUTINN, European University of Technology, European Union"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) (2026, February 23). 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