{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T23:17:38Z","timestamp":1789082258625,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022963","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025C02210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C02210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of the Development and Utilization of Underground Space","award":["2025E10118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025E10118"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increasing demand for reliable structural safety assessment in service, high-precision, non-contact, and long-term deformation monitoring has become increasingly urgent for large civil engineering structures. To address this need, this study proposes and validates a system-level non-contact monitoring framework that integrates an embedded vision-based deformation sensor with intelligent algorithms. Rather than treating individual techniques as isolated components, the proposed framework integrates high-precision optical imaging, subpixel localization, and intelligent image processing into a unified monitoring workflow. By continuously imaging and tracking targets on the structural surface, high-precision acquisition of two-dimensional dynamic displacements is achieved. To address issues such as image jitter, environmental disturbances, and camera-induced vibrations under long-distance imaging conditions, a hybrid algorithm based on signal processing and image correction is introduced to effectively compensate and filter the monitoring data, thereby significantly improving the stability and accuracy of deflection measurements. In engineering applications, a girder bridge and an integral open-box sluice structure were selected as monitoring objects, and field experiments were conducted over multiple periods under different working conditions. The results indicate that the proposed system can stably capture small structural displacements, achieving sub-millimeter measurement accuracy. The findings verify the feasibility and reliability of the proposed intelligent vision-based deformation monitoring technology in complex engineering environments, and provide a new technical approach for structural safety assessment and operational monitoring of infrastructure such as bridges and hydraulic structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26113338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T06:42:18Z","timestamp":1779691338000},"page":"3338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fusion of Embedded Vision and Intelligent Algorithms for Non-Contact Deformation Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1519-0567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Coastal and Urban Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of the Development and Utilization of Underground Space, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Coastal and Urban Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Ruhr IoT Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eisha","family":"Zahra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Coastal and Urban Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9362-0326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Coastal and Urban Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of the Development and Utilization of Underground Space, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04014118","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000735","article-title":"Categories of SHM Deployments: Technologies and Capabilities","volume":"20","author":"Webb","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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