{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:20:23Z","timestamp":1785406823740,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRDPJ 533794-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRDPJ 533794-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CRDPJ 533794-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRDPJ 533794-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h531d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bauer Hockey Ltd."},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche Qu\u00e9bec"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In ice hockey, automatic activity detection using wearable sensors and machine learning could provide objective feedback to support coaches and players during performance evaluation. The primary objective was to assess the predictive ability of a deep learning model to recognize common ice hockey stick striking actions (passing, shooting) from inertial measurement unit sensors. This study implemented a fully connected convolutional neural network model to classify seven ice hockey-related technical actions (wrist shot, slap shot, backhand shot, one-timers, pass, other, and rest) using acceleration data via two setups: an all-sensor configuration (17 sensors) and a hands-only sensor configuration (2 sensors) in 43 elite players. Data were split into 80\/20 train\/test sets, with a five-fold cross-validation applied to the training data. The train\/test split was repeated 10 times with different random splits to assess stability of results. The model achieved high classification accuracy, with the all-sensor model reaching an average F1 score of 95.0 \u00b1 3.0% and the hands-only model achieving 93.5 \u00b1 1.6%. These findings support the use of convolutional neural networks for automatic shooting action classification in ice hockey and highlight the feasibility of using minimal sensor configurations, such as sensor-integrated gloves, for real-world applications. This approach could further enhance training practices by providing objective performance metrics and allowing coaches to deliver data-driven feedback to players.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26113361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T08:16:08Z","timestamp":1779783368000},"page":"3361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Deep Learning Approach to Automatically Classify Ice Hockey Shooting Actions Using Acceleration Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3933-9699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe J.","family":"Renaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn M.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation, Lethbridge-Layton-MacKay Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal, QC H4B 1T3, Canada"},{"name":"School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Pearsall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3581-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe C.","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003414","article-title":"Tracking in-match movement demands using local positioning system in world-class men\u2019s ice hockey","volume":"34","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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