{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:12:16Z","timestamp":1780398736028,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Prevayl Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The use of wearable sensors to measure and monitor heart rate has exponentially grown in recent years, representing an inexpensive, time-efficient, and non-invasive method to assess the status of cardiovascular fitness and the autonomic nervous system. Validating new devices against a criterion standard, such as electrocardiography (ECG), is essential to ensure their accuracy and reliability. This study examined the accuracy and validity of the Prevayl heart rate monitor against 3-lead ECG. Methods: Twenty-six healthy adults (15 female, mean age 32.0 \u00b1 10.4 years) completed a 16-min, incremental running test on a treadmill. Heart rate data were recorded simultaneously throughout the test via ECG and the Prevayl wearable and compared retrospectively. Beat count error (%), mean heart rate absolute error (beats per minute (bpm)), and percentage error (bpm) were calculated. In addition, a Bland\u2013Altman analysis and Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient were conducted to assess agreement and correlation, respectively. Results: The Prevayl device demonstrated a median beat count agreement of 100.5% with ECG (range: 98.6\u2013104.4%; Npart = 26). Strong correlations were observed between ECG and Prevayl for both raw beat count (r = 0.94, p &lt; 0.01) and heart rate (beats per minute (bpm)) from ECG and the Prevayl algorithm (r = 0.96, p &lt; 0.01). Across running speeds (0\u201312 kph), a strong correlation was found between raw beat count from ECG and Prevayl (r = 0.82\u20130.89, p &lt; 0.01) and between bpm from ECG and Prevayl (r = 0.86\u20130.93, p &lt; 0.01). Bland\u2013Altman plots demonstrated negligible systematic bias. Conclusions: The Prevayl system provides valid measurements when compared to ECG during incremental running. This is demonstrated through strong correlations to ECG heart rate data at different speeds and with different analysis methods, supporting its use for monitoring cardiovascular responses during exercise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26113378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T16:17:58Z","timestamp":1779812278000},"page":"3378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Speed-Dependent Assessment of E-Textile-Based Sensor Technology: Validity of the Prevayl Wearable Heart Rate Monitor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1870-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise C.","family":"Burgess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health and Exercise Science, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7759-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health and Exercise Science, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK"},{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8100-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Beresford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health and Exercise Science, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0987-9608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Callaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health and Exercise Science, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1249\/FIT.0000000000000732","article-title":"Worldwide survey of fitness trends for 2022","volume":"26","author":"Thompson","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACSMS Health Fit. 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