{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T03:05:28Z","timestamp":1780455928441,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European funds provided to Portugal by the Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["02\/C05-i01.01\/2022.PC646908627-00000069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01.01\/2022.PC646908627-00000069"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aggressive riding behavior is a key contributing factor to road accidents, particularly in motorcycling, where rider dynamics directly influence vehicle stability and control. Despite growing interest in objective behavioral assessment, validated classification frameworks specific to motorcycles remain scarce in the literature. This pilot study investigated the feasibility of a standard deviation-based method for classifying aggressive riding behavior in a single experienced motorcyclist navigating two distinct environments: an urban route (UR) and a suburban national route (SNR). The participant completed two 20 min rides under real-world conditions. The UR was characterized by frequent accelerations, braking, speed bumps, and traffic lights, whereas the SNR features low traffic density and minimal interruptions. Longitudinal acceleration data were continuously recorded using a Vicon Blue Trident measurement unit mounted on the motorcycle seat. Drawing on the threshold principles established in automotive research, an environment-specific classification framework was developed to categorize riding events into normal, aggressive, and dangerous levels for both acceleration and deceleration maneuvers. The derived thresholds revealed pronounced environmental differences: UR thresholds (acceleration: 2.122 m\/s2; deceleration: \u22122.134 m\/s2) were approximately three times lower than those observed in the SNR (acceleration: 6.16 m\/s2; deceleration: \u22127.09 m\/s2). From more than four million recorded data points, approximately 88% of the riding behavior was classified as normal in both routes. In the UR, 9.27% of events were identified as aggressive and 4.37% as dangerous, compared with 7.27% aggressive and 5.35% dangerous events in the SNR. These preliminary findings suggest that environment-specific thresholds may be essential for accurately characterizing motorcycle riding behavior, and caution against the direct application of fixed automotive criteria to motorcycle safety analyses. All findings are specific to one rider on two routes and must not be extrapolated to other motorcyclists, vehicle types, or road contexts without replication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26113455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T17:11:01Z","timestamp":1780333861000},"page":"3455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of Motorcyclist Aggressive Driving Behavior in Urban and Suburban Environments: A Case Study of a Single Motorcyclist"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9333-652X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lib\u00e2nia","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0278-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Heart Research Community, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8490-6185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rute","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Elite Research Community, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5112-6015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, RISE-Health, Clinical Academic Center of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CACTMAD), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2335-9991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Elite Research Community, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-685X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Research Community, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Health, RISE-Health, Clinical Academic Center of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CACTMAD), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization WHO (2023). 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