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The effect of varying the tolerance of these constraints is investigated with data collected from a Movella DOT held by a human participant walking around a 100 m running track. In particular, the dimensions of the map are varied, along with the shape. Results showed (a) that it is viable to correct particle filter error without external sensor feedback, provided constraints are provided, with a mean error of 1.8 m, and (b) there is a minimum acceptable tolerance of map width around the edge of the true activity zone, in this case approximately 8 m, and that tightening the map boundary further than this can counterintuitively lead to reduced accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26113500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:25:31Z","timestamp":1780399531000},"page":"3500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Human Dead Reckoning Using a Particle Filter and Map Constraints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0121-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Russell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Centre, Department of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7306-2630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen H. M.","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Centre, Department of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3014955","article-title":"Pedestrian Dead Reckoning with Wearable Sensors: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3745\/KIPSTA.2009.16-A.3.209","article-title":"Real-Time Human Tracker Based on Location and Motion Recognition of User for Smart Home","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"KIPS Trans. 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