{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:08:21Z","timestamp":1791994101430,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HAC4CG\u2014Heritage, Art, Creation for Climate Change"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"SISTEMA DE APOIO \u00c0 INVESTIGA\u00c7\u00c3O CIENT\u00cdFICA E TECNOL\u00d3GICA\u2014\u201cPROJETOS ESTRUTURADOS DE I&D&I\u201d HORIZONTE EUROPA and FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/0622\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/0622\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"SISTEMA DE APOIO \u00c0 INVESTIGA\u00c7\u00c3O CIENT\u00cdFICA E TECNOL\u00d3GICA\u2014\u201cPROJETOS ESTRUTURADOS DE I&D&I\u201d HORIZONTE EUROPA and FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/0622\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/0622\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"SISTEMA DE APOIO \u00c0 INVESTIGA\u00c7\u00c3O CIENT\u00cdFICA E TECNOL\u00d3GICA\u2014\u201cPROJETOS ESTRUTURADOS DE I&D&I\u201d HORIZONTE EUROPA and FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/50016\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50016\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indoor monitoring of biological contamination is essential for protecting cultural heritage and public health. However, conventional culture-based methods limit timely intervention. This study presents an affordable modular multisensor system for indirectly detecting airborne fungal contamination using Penicillium chrysogenum as a representative model organism and its environmental signatures. The proposed prototype integrates PMSA003I, BME688 and AMG8833 sensors and was evaluated under controlled environmental conditions. Biological ground truth was established using a volumetric inertial-impaction sampling protocol (SAS sampler), validating four contamination levels (~6 to 165, CFU\/m3). A total of 1989 observations were analyzed. Non-parametric statistical tests (Kruskal\u2013Wallis and Mann\u2013Whitney U) confirmed significant differences between all the exposure conditions (p&lt;0.001). Supervised machine learning (ML) models showed strong performance across all the classification tasks, with accuracy and AUC values near 100%. In most cases, pressure alone was sufficient. The statistical and ML analyses consistently identified pressure, particulate-related variables, gas resistance and humidity as the most informative features. Overall, the results indicate that the proposed approach can reliably capture indirect environmental signatures associated with airborne fungal presence under controlled conditions. The study supports the feasibility of low-cost multisensor systems for continuous indoor bioaerosol monitoring while highlighting the need for further optimization and validation in real-world environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26113521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:25:31Z","timestamp":1780399531000},"page":"3521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrated PM\u2013MOX\u2013Thermal Sensing for Monitoring Bioaerosol Dynamics in Controlled Indoor Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9749-9674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria In\u00eas","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Roxo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8236-2563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0637-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0620-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduarda","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAR\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia das Artes\u2014Escola das Artes, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0004-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAR\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia das Artes\u2014Escola das Artes, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5381-6615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Miguel","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803222115","article-title":"Global estimates of mortality associated with air pollution: Systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"115","author":"Burnett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. 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