{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:04:31Z","timestamp":1785420271228,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research","award":["PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0847"]}]},{"name":"Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research","award":["PN-II-PT-PCCA-2011-3.2-1290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-II-PT-PCCA-2011-3.2-1290"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACF-2024-17-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACF-2024-17-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ACF-2024-17-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACF-2024-17-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0187kwz08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During deep anesthesia, the EEG becomes discontinuous. Burst-suppression is often an intended target during deep sedation or medically induced coma. Within this state, anesthetic depth is commonly monitored by the suppression ratio (SR), which expresses the fraction of time spent in suppression. However, accumulating evidence suggests that SR remains reactive to external stimulation. We tested whether ambient music commonly played in operating theaters alters the SR in male Wistar rats under sevoflurane, chloral hydrate, or isoflurane anesthesia. To this end, the first 60 s of the Stayin\u2019 Alive audio track by the Bee Gees were played to examine auditory-induced burst-suppression reactivity in an experimental model previously established for intermittent photic stimulation. SR and the burst-suppression reactivity index (BSRi, derived as the decrease in SR during stimulation normalized to pre-stimulation SR) were measured in repeated trials. Auditory stimulation transiently decreased SR under all three anesthetics. This was associated with an increase in the rate of burst occurrence without increased burst duration. The BSRi changes depended on the anesthetic type, comparable to photic stimulation. Our experimental data suggest that the suppression ratio used to monitor targeted burst-suppression reflects both anesthetic depth and the level of ambient stimulation. Ambient sound in the operating theater or intensive care settings could influence EEG-based measures used for anesthesia monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26113527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:45:08Z","timestamp":1780404308000},"page":"3527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ambient Music Decreases EEG Burst-Suppression Ratio During General Anesthesia in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0946-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlad-Petru","family":"Morozan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology\u2014Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Dr. Carol Davila Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Stancu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology\u2014Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9054-3257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru-C\u0103t\u0103lin","family":"P\u00e2slaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology\u2014Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Victor Gomoiu Children\u2019s Hospital, 022102 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Pavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology\u2014Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Mocanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology\u2014Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest, 060024 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2363-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru","family":"C\u0103lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology\u2014Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King\u2019s College London, Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1997-7578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Z\u0103grean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology\u2014Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4302-629X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Z\u0103grean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology\u2014Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2512-3499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology\u2014Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, North Zealand Hospital, 3400 Hiller\u00f8d, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000806","article-title":"American Clinical Neurophysiology Society\u2019s Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology: 2021 Version","volume":"38","author":"Hirsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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