{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T13:20:25Z","timestamp":1782220825804,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Key Equipment for Ultra-Deep Well Logging","award":["2025ZD1402103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD1402103"]}]},{"name":"the Intelligent Optical Fiber Logging and Digital Oil &amp; Gas Field Technology Research Team Project","award":["T2023005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2023005"]}]},{"name":"the Unconventional Intelligent Drilling and 10,000-meter Coiled Tubing Downhole Tools","award":["2025ZD1404600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD1404600"]}]},{"name":"the Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering","award":["YQZC202512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQZC202512"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the development of deep shale gas horizontal wells, precise geo-steering relies heavily on downhole sensor networks to acquire extensive formation and engineering parameters. Coiled tubing (CT) provides a promising acoustic waveguide for downhole sensing systems, but conventional acoustic sources rely on gravity-induced interfacial preload. Under highly deviated or horizontal well conditions, the loss of the axial gravity component may induce contact\u2013nonlinearity instability, resulting in waveform distortion and spectral pollution. To address this limitation, a constant-stiffness preloading method based on elastic compliance control is proposed, together with a modal reconstruction strategy achieved by removing high-density tungsten blocks. A fluid\u2013solid coupled dynamic model incorporating contact nonlinearity is established to reveal the dynamic separation mechanism of the acoustic source interface under varying gravity-vector conditions. Wave spring assemblies are then used to reconstruct the mechanical boundary and physically suppress time-domain clipping. Full-scale ground circulation experiments on a 1500 ft CT string show that the proposed method decouples acoustic-source performance from wellbore trajectory. Waveform asymmetry is reduced from 18.4% to 2.1%, and total harmonic distortion decreases from 12.5% to 1.8%. In addition, the first-order longitudinal natural frequency is shifted from 420 Hz to 2850 Hz, avoiding low-frequency pump noise and achieving a 12 dB SNR improvement. This physical-layer gain provides an optimized signal baseline for receiver-end demodulation algorithms. Ultimately, this study provides a robust physical-layer solution for acoustic telemetry in complex deep-earth environments, advancing the reliability of data interaction in downhole sensing systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26123826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:27:21Z","timestamp":1781666841000},"page":"3826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Elastic Boundary Control in Acoustic Waveguides for High-Fidelity Physical-Layer Telemetry in Downhole Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis and Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis and Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2022.104701","article-title":"Drill string\u2019s axial force transfer law in slide directional drilling in underground coal mine","volume":"130","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tunn. 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