{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T17:45:33Z","timestamp":1793036733915,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-agent perceptual map construction and long-term maintenance constitute an important paradigm for improving adaptability and real-world applicability. With the outstanding capability of 3D Gaussian Splatting in preserving fine-grained texture details, a number of 3DGS-based real-time mapping approaches have recently emerged. However, these methods often struggle to cope with complex dynamics in real-world environments and lack the generalization needed to scale to multi-agent systems. Existing solutions typically rely on direct parameter concatenation or locally confined optimization, which are unable to explicitly model cross-agent observation reliability under temporal asynchrony and dynamic inconsistency, and therefore tend to amplify conflicting updates rather than resolve them. To address these limitations, we propose DGOMapping, an online system for multi-agent dynamic perceptual mapping. DGOMapping leverages an uncertainty-coupled 4DGS scene representation and a collaborative interaction mechanism via Gaussian perception-score exchange, enabling both real-time 4DGS construction and long-term map memory adjustment. Experiments on multiple real-world datasets demonstrate that DGOMapping effectively suppresses dynamic interference and exploits multi-agent collaboration, achieving state-of-the-art performance in both tracking and reconstruction. The proposed system therefore provides a practical sensing-oriented solution for collaborative perception and real-time dynamic environment mapping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26123871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T08:59:38Z","timestamp":1781773178000},"page":"3871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["DGOMapping: Real-Time Multi-Agent Mapping Based on 4D Gaussian Splatting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3810-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Engineering and Automation, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1286-7141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Engineering and Automation, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingxuan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Engineering and Automation, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.22170","article-title":"A systematic literature review on long-term localization and mapping for mobile robots","volume":"40","author":"Sousa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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