{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:30:11Z","timestamp":1787758211220,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feature selection represents a critical step in developing accurate and interpretable models for early breast cancer detection. Despite extensive research in the field of mammographic image analysis, no consensus has yet been reached on the optimal feature subsets that distinguish normal from malignant tissues. To address this gap, the present study aims to identify the most discriminative and significant features through a comprehensive multi-criterion selection framework. The aim is to integrate, as new frameworks, different combinations of t-test, ANOVA, Mutual Information (MI), and Equal Grouping Methods (EGM) to rank 19 linear and nonlinear features extracted from mammographic images. The objective is to maximize feature relevance while minimizing redundancy and enhancing diagnostic and healthcare systems. Linear features were assessed alongside nonlinear descriptors. A framework combining t-test, ANOVA, and EGM, guided by MI relevance, was employed to balance feature contributions across categories. The experimental results demonstrated that hybrid feature selection significantly enhanced diagnostic accuracy using optimal linear and nonlinear attributes. The optimization results suggested using a hybrid of six linear and eight nonlinear features. Linear features were highly accurate for detecting cancer. Haralick entropy obtained the highest average accuracy and performance, 94.14% and 93.45%; followed by kurtosis, 93.49% and 92.59%; perimeter irregularity, 93.43% and 92.65%; skewness, 93.01% and 92.25%; and volume\/area, 92.82% and 91.92%. Despite the reliable discriminative power of linear descriptors, their overall effectiveness in representing intricate tissue characteristics was limited. The comparison of statistical characteristics shows a distinct performance benefit of nonlinear descriptors over linear ones for detecting breast cancer. Nonlinear descriptors, however, showcased higher accuracy and performance, with an average accuracy of 97.81% in contrast to 94.43% for linear approaches. Local phase congruency achieved the top average accuracy and performance, 97.81% and 96.61%, respectively; succeeded by wavelet entropy, 97.62% and 96.42%; Laplacian spectrum features, 97.52% and 96.32%; nonlinear diffusion, 97.10% and 95.90%; and clustering coefficient, 96.70% and 95.50%; then Shannon, Tsallis, and R\u00e9nyi entropies. The results indicate that statistically validated nonlinear characteristics significantly outperform linear ones across accuracy and performance measures. Their combination significantly improves the strength and discriminative power of computer-assisted breast cancer diagnostic systems, affirming their suitability for integration into sophisticated machine learning and deep learning models. The results also show that the new multi-criterion framework\u2019s early detection performance surpassed that of the statistical and deep learning models explored, with an average of 98.6% accuracy, 98% sensitivity, 98.9% precision, and 98.4% F1 score of early detection of breast cancer. The incorporation of statistically validated nonlinear descriptors, particularly local phase congruency and wavelet entropy, improves the discriminative ability, robustness, and clinical understanding of breast cancer computer-assisted diagnostic systems. Overall, the proposed framework confirms that integrating hybrid features substantially enhances robustness and plays a pivotal role in computer-assisted breast cancer detection. These selected features may be fed to more advanced algorithms in the future, potentially yielding improved performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26123874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T08:59:38Z","timestamp":1781773178000},"page":"3874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Multi-Criterion Selection of Hybrid Features in Mammographic Imaging for Early Computer-Assisted Sensing and Detection of Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8420-5668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira J.","family":"Zaylaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2312-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lama N.","family":"Yassine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silva","family":"Kourtian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, L\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Innovative Research and Development, Neopharm Labs, Blainville, QC J7C 5J6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.141","article-title":"Radiomics: The bridge between medical imaging and personalized medicine","volume":"14","author":"Lambin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. 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