{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T02:30:28Z","timestamp":1785897028965,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005645","name":"Ministry of Education and Training","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B2024-GHA-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2024-GHA-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["B2024-GHA-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2024-GHA-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00drv3378","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Senior Advance Queensland Fellowship","award":["AQIRF101-2022RD5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AQIRF101-2022RD5"]}]},{"award":["AQIRF101-2022RD5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AQIRF101-2022RD5"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05fb23t53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a low-cost edge-IoT-based structural health monitoring (SHM) architecture for crack monitoring in operational underground tunnels. The system integrates crack-displacement sensing, temperature measurement, ESP32-based edge processing, LoRa\/MQTT communication, AES\/ECDSA-based data protection, and cloud-based data management. The architecture was validated through a 30-day field campaign at two representative cracks in the Hai Van Tunnel, with measurements acquired at 60 s sampling intervals. The results show that edge-based wavelet\u2013Kalman processing improved measurement stability and reduced high-frequency noise, while the implemented security mechanism introduced only minor latency relative to the monitoring cycle. The two monitored cracks exhibited small micrometer-scale fluctuations associated with temperature variation and showed no cumulative widening trend during the observation period. This study demonstrates the feasibility of campaign-based tunnel crack monitoring using a trustworthy edge-sensing architecture, while longer deployments with more sensing nodes are needed to fully evaluate scalability and operational durability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26123958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T01:03:23Z","timestamp":1782263003000},"page":"3958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trustworthy Cyber\u2013Physical Edge-SHM Architecture for Operational Underground Tunnel Crack Monitoring Under Resource-Constrained Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7863-1609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh Binh","family":"Ngo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Transport and Communications, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2485-2995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan Chieu","family":"Luong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Transport and Communications, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0319-2257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngoc Linh","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Transport and Communications, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2608-7817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trung Dung","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Transport and Communications, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3095-1954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quang Huy","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FPT Software, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5429-5799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobifone Digital Services, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5747-5669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quang Binh","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dat Phuong Group Joint Stock Company, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8739-8207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Engineering and Digital Technologies, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD 4300, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassani, S., and Dackermann, U. 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