{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:17:20Z","timestamp":1785417440548,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003766","name":"Ministry of National Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YLSY2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLSY2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003766","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003766","name":"Ministry of National Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YLSY2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLSY2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003766","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["YLSY2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLSY2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jga9g46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["YLSY2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLSY2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jga9g46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apnea of prematurity (AOP) remains a critical challenge in neonatal care, with caffeine citrate serving as the cornerstone of pharmacological intervention. However, the current standardized dosing schedule fails to account for significant inter-individual variability in caffeine pharmacokinetics and clinical response. This narrative review explores the transformative potential of integrating wearable sensor technologies and multi-modal data analytics into a closed-loop framework for personalized caffeine therapy. Based on a synthesis of current monitoring literature, we propose a theoretical, comprehensive monitoring system utilizing the area under the respiratory curve (rAUC) as a continuous proxy metric, alongside waveform amplitude analysis aligned with pediatric polysomnography standards. By incorporating emerging metrics such as respiratory rate variability (RRV) and hypoxic burden, the framework enables the objective quantification of respiratory stability. Furthermore, the integration of established neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) parameters for bradycardia and oxygen saturation detection provides a critical cross-validation layer to minimize artifact-induced false alarms. This conceptual model bridges the gap between advanced signal processing and clinical oversight, offering a scalable pathway toward precision dosing. By shifting from reactive to predictive neonatology, sensor-driven optimization can enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce alarm fatigue, and ultimately improve developmental outcomes for preterm infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26123962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T01:03:23Z","timestamp":1782263003000},"page":"3962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Personalization of Caffeine Therapy for Apnea of Prematurity: A Potential Role for Sensor Technologies?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7173-0864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burcu","family":"Kolukisa Birgec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8917-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beyza","family":"Toprak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7475-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Balfour","family":"Mullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-025-02033-x","article-title":"Born too soon: Global epidemiology of preterm birth and drivers for change","volume":"22","author":"Bradley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod. 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