{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T22:24:10Z","timestamp":1787264650876,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Social Science Fund Project","award":["No. 22SHC012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 22SHC012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As augmented reality head-up display (AR-HUD) becomes increasingly integrated into intelligent vehicles, inappropriate interface designs may increase drivers\u2019 cognitive workload and delay hazard responses. This study investigates how cognitive style, driving task type, and AR-HUD navigation design jointly influence drivers\u2019 behavioral performance and visual attention. A total of 55 participants were recruited and screened using the Group Embedded Figures Test, with 38 drivers finally selected for a 2 \u00d7 4 \u00d7 2 driving-simulation experiment comparing world-fixed (WF) and screen-fixed (SF) interfaces across goal-directed and stimulus-driven tasks. Reaction times and eye-tracking indicators were analyzed using generalized linear models. Results show that stimulus-driven tasks significantly increased reaction times, with rear-vehicle scenarios producing the longest responses (mean = 1.420). During lane-change tasks, WF displays significantly reduced fixation duration (p &lt; 0.001) and fixation counts (p &lt; 0.001), whereas SF displays improved attentional efficiency during pedestrian-warning tasks. In addition, field-dependent drivers exhibited significantly larger pupil diameters, indicating higher cognitive workload. These findings provide sensor-based evidence for AR-HUD systems that dynamically optimize interface presentation according to task context and workload conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26133980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T01:03:23Z","timestamp":1782263003000},"page":"3980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Eye-Tracking-Based Evaluation of Cognitive Style and Driving Task Effects on AR-HUD Navigation Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819844845","article-title":"Assessing distraction potential of augmented reality head-up displays for vehicle drivers","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. 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