{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:30:28Z","timestamp":1792092628681,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC 113-2625-M-027-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2625-M-027-005"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC 114-2625-M-027-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2625-M-027-004"]}]},{"award":["NSTC 113-2625-M-027-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2625-M-027-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kv4zf79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NSTC 114-2625-M-027-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2625-M-027-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kv4zf79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Suspended ceiling systems are among the most seismically vulnerable non-structural components in buildings, posing significant life-safety risks and economic losses, yet understanding their full-field kinematic behavior under seismic loading remains a major experimental challenge. Conventional contact sensors offer limited spatial coverage and can alter the dynamic properties of lightweight panels due to mass loading. In contrast, non-contact optical alternatives are rarely feasible in shake-table environments due to restricted viewing angles, extensive areal coverage requirements, and the risk of equipment damage from falling panels. This study proposes an end-to-end three-dimensional displacement measurement framework for large-scale shake-table testing of suspended ceiling systems, employing consumer-grade cameras with purpose-built tools that cover the complete experimental workflow, including motion-based video trimming, semi-automated calibration, a robust multi-stage image-tracking pipeline that maintains trajectory continuity under extreme inter-frame displacements, and a ceiling system motion visualization and analysis tool. The framework was validated through a full-scale shake-table experiment continuously tracking 324 spatial nodes across 81 ceiling panels, achieving an RMSE below 3 mm in all spatial directions and exact peak-frequency agreement in 9 out of 10 test cases. A parallel processing architecture reduced total processing time from over 27 h to under 10 min without GPU acceleration, and six-degree-of-freedom rigid-body analysis resolved the complete panel failure sequence from constrained oscillation through multi-axis rotation to gravitational free fall, a level of kinematic detail unattainable with conventional instrumentation. This framework establishes a practical, scalable foundation for full-field seismic performance assessment of non-structural systems where conventional instrumentation is physically or logistically infeasible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T03:20:21Z","timestamp":1782357621000},"page":"4011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Full-Field 3D Displacement Measurement of Suspended Ceiling Systems Under Seismic Loading Using a Consumer-Grade Multi-Camera Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8610-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mearge Kahsay","family":"Seyfu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Daan Dist., Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1547-317X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Sen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Daan Dist., Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron C. W.","family":"Flude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Erochko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. 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