{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T03:48:29Z","timestamp":1782359309018,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2024GX-ZDCYL-01-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GX-ZDCYL-01-26"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional over-the-air (OTA) testing typically requires the device under test (DUT) to be positioned at the geometric center of the anechoic chamber, which limits the flexible evaluation of modern wireless terminals. Although the spherical vector wave (SVW) method provides a rigorous electromagnetic mode expansion, its direct use in eccentric testing scenarios is prone to coefficient-domain overfitting. In the conventional coefficient-domain formulation, the increased involvement of high-order evanescent modes can lead to overfitting of physically insignificant coefficients, resulting in unstable and oscillatory reconstruction. To explain this behavior, an analytical periodicity model is developed and validated by numerical simulations, showing good agreement across all tested configurations. To overcome this limitation, this paper develops a unified 3D eccentric spatial\u2013spectral composite operator for eccentric field synthesis by directly incorporating the three-dimensional offset into the field evaluation process. The proposed operator maps probe excitation weights to the translated 3D local test-zone field samples, thereby reformulating the synthesis problem from coefficient-domain fitting to field-domain matching. This field-domain formulation naturally downweights high-order modal components with negligible local-field contributions, thereby improving numerical stability. Numerical simulations in a 3D multi-probe anechoic chamber (MPAC) demonstrate that, under significant eccentric conditions, the conventional SVW method essentially fails, while the plane wave synthesis (PWS) method achieves less accurate reconstruction than the proposed scheme. In contrast, the proposed scheme maintains stable, oscillation-free reconstruction and consistently outperforms PWS by 5 to 15 dB across all evaluated scenarios. This work provides a promising solution for flexible 3D OTA evaluation of large-scale wireless terminals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T03:20:21Z","timestamp":1782357621000},"page":"4012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Robust 3D Eccentric Field Synthesis for OTA Testing via an Enhanced Spherical Vector Wave Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1976-8824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianchuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanying","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3151-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Soh, P.J., and Sharawi, M.S. 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