{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:13:00Z","timestamp":1785413580090,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["0000024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0000024"]}]},{"award":["0000024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0000024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Rome Technopole","award":["B83C22002820006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B83C22002820006"]}]},{"name":"NRP Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.5 and\nItalian Ministry for Education and Research MIUR","award":["B83C22002820006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B83C22002820006"]}]},{"name":"NRP Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.5 and\nItalian Ministry for Education and Research MIUR","award":["E53D23003850006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E53D23003850006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing adoption of virtual reality for industrial tasks such as virtual assembly, inspection, and operator training necessitates a standardized approach for evaluating and selecting appropriate hardware. This paper addresses this need by introducing a comprehensive methodology to assess the usability of commercially widespread virtual reality headsets specifically for industrial applications with hand-held controllers. We conducted a large-scale comparative study involving five leading headsets (HTC VIVE Pro 1 and 2, HTC VIVE XR Elite, Meta Quest Pro, and Meta Quest 3) and 60 demographically balanced participants. The evaluation was based on a protocol of 15 distinct tasks designed to measure performance in near and far-field object manipulation, interaction fidelity, visual clarity, ergonomics, and long-term comfort. By combining quantitative Key Performance Indicators with subjective user feedback and rigorous inferential statistical analysis, our findings reveal significant performance disparities among the devices. The results demonstrate that, while certain headsets excel in high-precision tracking for assembly tasks, others offer superior comfort, visual quality, and ease of use for inspection and prolonged sessions. Ultimately, this study concludes that no single headset is universally superior; the optimal choice is highly task-dependent. The proposed methodology provides a robust, evidence-based framework to guide industries in making informed virtual reality hardware selections tailored to their specific needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:37:55Z","timestamp":1782391075000},"page":"4038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comprehensive Method to Evaluate the Usability of Virtual Reality Headset Devices for Industrial Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0700-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cirelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Enterprise Engineering \u201cMario Lucertini\u201d, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6193-6993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Cellupica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Enterprise Engineering \u201cMario Lucertini\u201d, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8243-8142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Paolo","family":"Valentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Enterprise Engineering \u201cMario Lucertini\u201d, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Cinque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 113, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2540-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Raoul","family":"Marini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 113, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008-010-0095-3","article-title":"Human factors consideration in the interaction process with virtual environment","volume":"4","author":"Merienne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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