{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:05:02Z","timestamp":1787594702806,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001802","name":"University of Canberra","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04s1nv328","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of New South Wales (UNSW) Canberra"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0125wpx05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional chemical analysis relies on costly laboratory instrumentation, while current e-nose systems are expensive for widespread deployment. New opportunities for low-cost, accessible e-nose applications are emerging for diverse fields due to the rapid evolution of inexpensive sensor technologies. We developed a framework that enables rapid integration of newly available low-cost gas sensors into functional e-nose systems, continuously evaluating them as they become commercially available. By characterizing their performance in multi-sensor arrays that mimic biological olfaction, the framework demonstrates effective odor discrimination in a low-cost e-nose system through coordinated behavior of a heterogeneous sensor array. Our testing approach includes sensor sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, which are to be combined with appropriate pattern recognition and AI algorithms in the future for effective chemical discrimination. This work provides a pathway for continuously updating e-nose technology with the latest available sensors in a cost-effective manner, thereby making advanced chemical sensing accessible for resource-limited settings and enabling large-scale deployment in real-world applications with future potential applications such as food quality monitoring, environmental sensing, smart agriculture, etc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:49:23Z","timestamp":1782434963000},"page":"4049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adaptive E-Nose: Integrating New Gas Sensors for Emerging Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Namkha","family":"Gyeltshen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-3139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian Garrido","family":"Sanchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, University of New South Wales Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2610, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9055-0457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nishant","family":"Jagannath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savindu","family":"Radaliyagoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2652-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonam","family":"Tobgay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5632-7633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Farhad","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0141-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumudu","family":"Munasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23021","article-title":"Tour of a Labyrinth: Exploring the Vertebrate nose","volume":"297","author":"Valkenburgh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat. 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