{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:46:00Z","timestamp":1782467160955,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accurate characterization of low-power near-infrared LEDs typically requires costly radiometric equipment, limiting broader accessibility. This study proposes a low-cost indirect method for comparative NIR LED characterization based on the thermal response of black-coated aluminum absorbing targets monitored by a commercial MLX90614 contactless temperature sensor integrated with an ESP32 acquisition system. The absorbed optical power was estimated from a steady-state energy-balance model combining convective and radiative heat transfer, with geometry-dependent effective coefficients derived for 10 mm and 15 mm diameter targets. Experiments were conducted using 850 nm and 940 nm LEDs at drive currents between 30 mA and 100 mA. The absorbed power increased linearly with the drive current and electrical input power across all configurations, with R2 values of 0.995\u20130.997 and 0.996\u20130.999, respectively. The 15 mm targets exhibited higher capture ratios (10.4\u201311.9%) compared to the 10 mm targets (8.4\u20139.4%). The combined measurement uncertainty ranged from 13% at high drive currents to nearly 70% at low drive currents, with the temperature-rise sensitivity being the dominant factor; within the recommended operating range (\u226570 mA for 10 mm and \u226580 mA for 15 mm targets), the uncertainty remained below 25%. The proposed platform enables reliable comparative characterization of low-power NIR emitters using exclusively off-the-shelf components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:43:57Z","timestamp":1782463437000},"page":"4055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indirect Estimation of Absorbed Infrared LED Radiant Power Using Contactless Thermal Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1939-587X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorin Eugen","family":"Popa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Power Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bacau, 600115 Bacau, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petru Gabriel","family":"Puiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Power Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bacau, 600115 Bacau, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drago\u0219 Alexandru","family":"Andrioaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Power Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bacau, 600115 Bacau, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2716-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana Margareta","family":"Grigore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Power Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bacau, 600115 Bacau, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona Lenu\u021ba","family":"Av\u0103danei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Power Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bacau, 600115 Bacau, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argirusis, N., Achilleos, A., Alizadeh, N., Argirusis, C., and Sourkouni, G. 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