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However, US probes may distort the EM tracking field in a probe-dependent manner. This study characterized probe-induced EM interference for a conventional 3D\/4D phased-array probe and a handheld wireless probe. Three experiments were conducted using an EM tracking system: spatial mapping of interference along each probe body, assessment of probe\u2013sensor separation for the handheld probe, and evaluation of probe-induced tracking deviations in a simulated EM-guided PCNL setup with tracked needle and catheter sensors. EM-US calibration was then performed using low-interference sensor positions. The phased-array probe produced minimal disturbance, maintaining submillimetric positional and subdegree orientational precision across tested modes. Compared with the evaluated phased-array probe, the evaluated handheld wireless probe generated stronger, spatially localized interference, requiring \u226575 mm positional and \u226550 mm orientational separation to recover baseline precision. In the PCNL simulation, the phased-array probe maintained tracking stability, whereas the handheld probe introduced localized deviations. Both probes produced RMS calibration residuals below 1 mm under controlled conditions. These results provide device-specific baseline measurements and a workflow for probe-dependent interference assessment and sensor-placement optimization in EM-US navigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T08:45:20Z","timestamp":1782722720000},"page":"4096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of Ultrasound Probe-Dependent Interference in Electromagnetic Tracking for Image-Guided Procedures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8585-2645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sim\u00e3o","family":"Valente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2Ai\u2014Applied Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Technology, Polytechnic University of C\u00e1vado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1995-7879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Ai\u2014Applied Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Technology, Polytechnic University of C\u00e1vado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Fritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl Storz SE & Co. KG, 78532 Tuttlingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl Storz SE & Co. KG, 78532 Tuttlingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1962-7968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Est\u00eav\u00e3o","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4196-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o L.","family":"Vila\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Ai\u2014Applied Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Technology, Polytechnic University of C\u00e1vado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61761","DOI":"10.12775\/JEHS.2025.83.61761","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Surgery in Modern Medicine: A Review of Laparoscopic Techniques, Indications, and Postoperative Outcomes","volume":"83","author":"Czarnota","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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