{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T09:44:25Z","timestamp":1782726265749,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is an established treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF); however, its impact on long-term left atrial (LA) structural and mechanical remodeling may differ between ablation techniques. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess changes in LA structure and function after PVI using cryoballoon ablation (CBA) and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). Methods: Forty-two patients undergoing PVI were prospectively analyzed (CBA, n = 28; RFCA, n = 14). Transthoracic echocardiography with speckle-tracking analysis was performed before PVI and at 12-month follow-up. LA size, volumetric indices (LAVI), strain components, and functional parameters were assessed. Results: Patients undergoing CBA demonstrated greater increases in selected LA structural parameters during follow-up compared with RFCA. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant group-by-time interaction for LA diameter (p = 0.0017), while similar trends were observed for LAA (p = 0.0645) and LAS-R (p = 0.0547). No significant interaction effects were observed for LAVI-derived parameters or other indices of LA mechanical function. Conclusions: In this preliminary exploratory study, CBA showed a tendency toward greater structural LA remodeling compared with RFCA during a 12-month follow-up. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution given the limited sample size and population heterogeneity. Larger prospective studies are warranted to validate these observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T08:45:20Z","timestamp":1782722720000},"page":"4103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Left Atrial Structural and Functional Changes After Pulmonary Vein Isolation Using Different Energy Sources"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4235-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonasz","family":"Kozielski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Interventional Angiology, Kashubian Center for Heart and Vascular Diseases, Pomeranian Hospitals, 84-200 Wejherowo, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Olczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Interventional Angiology, Kashubian Center for Heart and Vascular Diseases, Pomeranian Hospitals, 84-200 Wejherowo, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7895-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"\u015awier\u017cy\u0144ska-Wodarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Arrhythmia, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Orczykowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Arrhythmia, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bronis\u0142aw","family":"Sulkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Statistics & Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Szumowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Arrhythmia, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Sterli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Arrhythmia, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0367-4014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Szo\u0142kiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Interventional Angiology, Kashubian Center for Heart and Vascular Diseases, Pomeranian Hospitals, 84-200 Wejherowo, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.86.5.516","article-title":"Population prevalence, incidence, and predictors of atrial fibrillation in the Renfrew\/Paisley study","volume":"86","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa612","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC","volume":"42","author":"Hindricks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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