{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:05:05Z","timestamp":1785423905345,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22B2049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22B2049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U23B2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23B2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U22B2049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22B2049"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U23B2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23B2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFA1000401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA1000401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the field of security screening imaging, millimeter-wave technology offers high imaging resolution and low radiation energy. However, it faces challenges such as difficulty in imaging non-cooperative moving targets, as well as bulky equipment and high costs. This paper proposes a high-resolution imaging method based on MIMO millimeter-wave radar. Firstly, the array model and slant range model are established, and a two-dimensional resolution scheme in range and height is constructed using a one-dimensional MIMO linear array and wideband signals. Then, the algorithm flow for MIMO millimeter-wave radar imaging is designed, and a range-domain super-resolution algorithm is introduced. This paper compensates for the phase coupling introduced by the transmitting array and target motion and successfully achieves two-dimensional imaging of non-cooperative targets based on the back-projection principle. Subsequently, the influence of array errors on the imaging results is analyzed. This method compensates for the phase coupling introduced by the transmit array and target motion and provides a theoretical analysis of array arrangement errors. Finally, the experimental results of the MIMO radar are analyzed. The final measured processing results show that the system can clearly reveal metal objects through cloth occlusion, and super-resolution processing yields sharper contours in the imaging of metal plates. Simulation analysis of imaging with array errors indicates that among the azimuth\u2013elevation\u2013range array position errors, the range array position error has a relatively significant impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T08:45:20Z","timestamp":1782722720000},"page":"4106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Resolution MIMO Millimeter-Wave Radar Imaging Method for Non-Cooperative Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6737-5671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jixing","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyu","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Science Academy, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Beijing 100086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guisheng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1109\/22.942570","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Concealed Weapon Detection","volume":"49","author":"Sheen","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2011.2159556","article-title":"THz Imaging Radar for Standoff Personnel Screening","volume":"1","author":"Cooper","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2024.108454","article-title":"Concealed Hazardous Object Detection for Terahertz Images with Cross-Feature Fusion Transformer","volume":"182","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"10","article-title":"A MIMO Millimeter-Wave Radar for High Resolution Imaging of Non-Cooperative Target","volume":"47","author":"Guan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mod. Radar"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1395","article-title":"Progress on Key Technologies of Passive Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Imaging for Human Body Screening","volume":"50","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laser Infrared"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"4471","article-title":"High Sparsity and Low Sidelobe Near-Field Focused Sparse Array for Three-Dimensional Imagery","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Wu, T., Fu, R., and Feng, X. (2024). Research on Concealed Dangerous Goods Detection Based on Active Terahertz Active Imaging. Proceedings of the 2024 4th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Manufacturing (AIIM), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIIM64537.2024.10934321"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2010.0561","article-title":"Sparse Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Arrays for High-Resolution near-Field Ultra-Wideband Imaging","volume":"5","author":"Zhuge","year":"2011","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.110432","article-title":"Detection of Concealed Object Using Terahertz Images: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"148","author":"Nongkseh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2053038","article-title":"A Sparse Aperture MIMO-SAR-Based UWB Imaging System for Concealed Weapon Detection","volume":"49","author":"Zhuge","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2821925","article-title":"Novel Efficient 3D Short-Range Imaging Algorithms for a Scanning 1D-MIMO Array","volume":"27","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3629","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2164616","article-title":"Millimeter-Wave Imaging with Optimized Sparse Periodic Array for Short-Range Applications","volume":"49","author":"Gumbmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2011.2172812","article-title":"A Novel Fully Electronic Active Real-Time Imager Based on a Planar Multistatic Sparse Array","volume":"59","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1109\/OJAP.2025.3537681","article-title":"A Sub-Aperture-Based Calibration Algorithm for MIMO Antenna Arrays","volume":"6","author":"Linder","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, Y., Seo, K., and Kim, C.K. (2025). Enhancing Calibration Precision in MIMO Radar with Initial Parameter Optimization. Remote Sens., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17030389"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"240","article-title":"Linear Coprime Sensor Location Arrays: Array Calibration and Beamforming","volume":"46","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, R., Zhou, J., Chen, S., and Ding, H. (2025). Pseudo-Trapezoidal Fast Factorized Backprojection Algorithm for Near-Field Sparse MIMO Array 3-D Imaging. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2025.3580015"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanenko, Y., Batra, A., Vu, V.T., Pettersson, M.I., and Kaiser, T. (2025). Experimental Results of Local Backprojection for Monostatic THz SAR Imaging. Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Mobile and Miniaturized Terahertz Systems (ICMMTS), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMMTS62835.2025.10925970"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4008005","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2023.3298696","article-title":"Accelerated Back-Projection SAR Processor on Arbitrary Elliptical Imaging Grid with Azimuth Spectrum Unfolding","volume":"20","author":"Focsa","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1567","article-title":"Back Projection Imaging Algorithm for MIMO Radar","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2009.2038964","article-title":"Iterative Adaptive Approaches to MIMO Radar Imaging","volume":"4","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1109\/TCI.2024.3396388","article-title":"Plug-and-Play Regularization on Magnitude with Deep Priors for 3D Near-Field MIMO Imaging","volume":"10","author":"Oral","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Gumbmann, F., and Schmidt, L.-P. (2010, January 7\u201310). Design of Sparse MIMO Arrays for Short Range Imaging Applications. Proceedings of the 010 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, Yokohama, Japan."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/13\/4106\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:27:48Z","timestamp":1783571268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/13\/4106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s26134106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26134106","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]}}}