{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T04:16:55Z","timestamp":1783311415404,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund Program","award":["62403356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62403356"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In traditional mechanical de-icing technologies, the time-frequency evolution and spatial propagation mechanisms of transient high-frequency impact signals in flexible transmission lines remain unclear. To address this issue, transient impact responses were experimentally investigated using a full-scale transmission line model. An active de-icing exciter, featuring controllable impact energy and the potential for sustained online operation, was independently developed. High-frequency transient acceleration signals were acquired at multiple measurement points on a 20 m single-span line. The spatial distribution and time-frequency attenuation characteristics of the impact energy were quantitatively evaluated by extracting high-order time-domain statistical features, including root mean square, kurtosis, and crest factor, together with frequency-domain analyses based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and wavelet entropy. The results indicate that: (1) The exciter generated highly impulsive transient responses, with a kurtosis up to 795.3 and a crest factor approaching 40. This suggests a strong local concentration of impact energy at the excitation source, which provides a dynamic basis for analyzing potential localized stress concentration and dynamic responses of the conductor system. (2) The transmission line structure exhibited a significant low-pass filtering effect on transient high-frequency shock waves. As the shock wave propagated towards the distal end, its high-frequency components above 30 Hz were substantially attenuated, likely due to internal dry friction within the stranded conductor. Consequently, the dominant frequency decreased to a low-frequency macroscopic sway of approximately 12 Hz, indicating a reduced risk of transmitting high-frequency shock loads to distal fittings and towers. (3) Under geometric nonlinear coupling, the vertical impact energy was partially transferred to the longitudinal and lateral directions during propagation, leading to sustained out-of-plane swaying. This study reveals the signal evolution characteristics of transient impacts in overhead transmission lines and provides experimental evidence for optimizing excitation parameters and assessing the engineering safety of active impact de-icing technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:50:37Z","timestamp":1782867037000},"page":"4128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental Study on Time-Frequency Analysis of Vibration Signals from an Active De-Icing Exciter on Transmission Lines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Dongwang","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Electric Power Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Electric Power Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1366-1403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Liu, L., Zhang, X., and Ju, Y. 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