{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:19:53Z","timestamp":1785435593637,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101112089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101112089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["101112089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101112089"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00k4n6c32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades - Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["PCI2023-143423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCI2023-143423"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2023-148285OB-C44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2023-148285OB-C44"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PID2023-148285OB-C44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2023-148285OB-C44"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Structured illumination (SI) involves projecting controlled spatial light patterns onto a scene or sample and processing the captured response to recover information such as the phase, surface shape, or optical contrast. Three-Step Phase Shifting (TPS), also known as three-phase demodulation (TPD) in the spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) field, is a common SI workflow in which three phase-shifted sinusoidal patterns are projected and captured sequentially for one demodulation. To achieve acceptable demodulation quality, all three phase-shifted patterns must be captured correctly. However, achieving this quality introduces a trade-off since each phase must be captured at the correct time, increasing acquisition time and requiring precise projector\u2013camera synchronization. In real-time TPD-based SI, low pattern-generation throughput, synchronization uncertainty, and often bulky desktop implementations remain major limitations. Therefore, this work investigates, designs, and validates a deterministic, low-latency, and portable projection\u2013capture synchronization system for TPD-based SI. First, a Hyperspectral (HS) Python-based SI (HSPy-SI) system, representative of common state-of-the-art (SOTA) implementations, is evaluated. It uses an HS snapshot camera and a fixed-delay desktop synchronizer. Then, the proposed HyperSI system is introduced as a real-time projection\u2013capture synchronizer implemented as a bench-top prototype on heterogeneous embedded platforms: a Single-Board Computer (SBC) and a System-on-Chip (SoC) board. Its core contribution is a tunable parameter, W (Frame Count to Wait), which counts frame-generation interrupts before capture and reduces the delay-search space. Compared with the SOTA, HyperSI achieves over 8\u00d7 higher pattern-generation throughput, increases polarized acquisition by 7\u00d7 to nearly 4 FPS, reaches about 12 FPS without polarizers, and reduces waiting time by 88\u00d7.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:50:33Z","timestamp":1782924633000},"page":"4159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-Time Structural Illumination with Hyperspectral Images: A Tunable Projection\u2013Capture Synchronizer for Three-Phase Demodulation on Embedded Heterogeneous Computing Platforms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5731-5199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pallab","family":"Sutradhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Electr\u00f3nica Industrial y Sistemas Multimodales (CEIMM), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4715-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Mart\u00edn-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Electr\u00f3nica Industrial y Sistemas Multimodales (CEIMM), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-1395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahima","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aspire Institute Inc., 255 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3662-5596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingying","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Electr\u00f3nica Industrial y Sistemas Multimodales (CEIMM), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1103-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Electr\u00f3nica Industrial y Sistemas Multimodales (CEIMM), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2668-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro Martinez de","family":"Ternero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Electr\u00f3nica Industrial y Sistemas Multimodales (CEIMM), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4416-5985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro J.","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Electr\u00f3nica Industrial y Sistemas Multimodales (CEIMM), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6096-1511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Juarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Electr\u00f3nica Industrial y Sistemas Multimodales (CEIMM), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.03.004","article-title":"A state of the art in structured light patterns for surface profilometry","volume":"43","author":"Salvi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.001354","article-title":"Modulated imaging: Quantitative analysis and tomography of turbid media in the spatial-frequency domain","volume":"30","author":"Cuccia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. 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