{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:37:32Z","timestamp":1785418652312,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52478006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52478006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51908078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51908078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52308008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52308008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52478006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52478006"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["51908078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51908078"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52308008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52308008"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Ecology and Energy Saving Study of Dense Habitat, Ministry of Education","award":["20250101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250101"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urban Regeneration and Spatial Optimization Technology","award":["20250202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250202"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing University \u201cDouble First-Class\u201d Cultural Heritage and Innovationn Grant Project","award":["COUSYL2024-2025-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COUSYL2024-2025-11"]}]},{"award":["COUSYL2024-2025-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COUSYL2024-2025-11"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/023rhb549","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gathering spaces within urban parks serve as primary outdoor leisure venues, playing a critical role in facilitating social interaction and restoring the physical and mental well-being of this demographic. This study uses the example of Pipa Mountain Park in Chongqing, China to explore the psychological and physiological perceptual effects of spatial environmental characteristics on young adults in four typical gathering spaces: path platform, elevated point, viewing boundary, and key node. To this end, we employed onsite experimental methods using wearable ergonomic devices to collect participants\u2019 physiological data, including electrophysiological, electroencephalogram (EEG), and eye-tracking data. Visual and auditory psychological perception evaluation data were obtained through on-site questionnaires. Descriptive statistical analysis revealed differential trends in participants\u2019 psychological perceptions and physiological responses across distinct gathering spaces. The elevated point demonstrated the most favorable ratings for the psychological dimension \u201ccomfort\u201d (M = 1.63, SD = 2.09). Subsequent principal component analysis elucidated key psychological perception indicators in mountainous settings, while Friedman test, Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests, and random forest modeling quantified the effects of specific spatial environmental indicators on perceptual responses. Results indicated significant differences in psychological perceptions and physiological responses across gathering space typologies (p &lt; 0.05). Influenced by the preferences and behavioral habits of young adults, environmental element complexity significantly enhanced attentional engagement (\u03c72 = 68.428, p &lt; 0.01) and facilitated positive perceptual responses. The synergistic effects of the visual and auditory elements significantly enhance the restorative benefits of space; however, poor accessibility weakens this advantage. This study provides evidence for the in-depth analysis of the intrinsic mechanisms between the spatial environment and multisensory perception in urban mountain parks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:48:32Z","timestamp":1782992912000},"page":"4177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Mountain Park Spatial Environments Affect Physiological and Psychological Perceptions of Young Adults Based on Real Time Sensor Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7405-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changjuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5884-2766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1085","article-title":"The world health report 2001\u2014Mental health: New understanding, new hope","volume":"79","author":"Sayers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Zhao, X., and Zeng, Z. (2019). The Influence of Audio-Visual Interactions on Psychological Responses of Young People in Urban Green Areas: A Case Study in Two Parks in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101845"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.10.018","article-title":"Young people, mental health and COVID-19 infection: The canaries we put in the coal mine","volume":"189","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-210436","article-title":"Mental health benefits of interactions with nature in children and teenagers: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Tillmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126702","article-title":"Effects of integration between visual stimuli and auditory stimuli on restorative potential and aesthetic preference in urban green spaces","volume":"53","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127210","article-title":"Effects of personality, health and mood on satisfaction and quality perception of urban mountain parks","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gehl, J., and Svarre, B. (2013). Public space and public life surveys. How to Study Public Life, Island Press.","DOI":"10.5822\/978-1-61091-525-0"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Xiu, C., and Song, W. (2019). Landscape-Based Assessment of Urban Resilience and Its Evolution: A Case Study of the Central City of Shenyang. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11102964"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.08.034","article-title":"Mental health and the jilted generation: Using age-period-cohort analysis to assess differential trends in young people\u2019s mental health following the great recession and austerity in England","volume":"214","author":"Thomson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veitch, J., Carver, A., Abbott, G., Giles-Corti, B., Timperio, A., and Salmon, J. (2015). How active are people in metro-politan parks? An observational study of park visitation in Australia. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1960-6"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2016.06.008","article-title":"The effects of naturalness, gender, and age on how urban green space is perceived and used","volume":"18","author":"Sang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.104798","article-title":"The impact of age on people\u2019s use and perception of urban green spaces and their effect on personal health and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014A case study of the metropolitan area of Vienna, Austria","volume":"147","author":"Taczanowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-4944(95)90001-2","article-title":"The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework","volume":"15","author":"Kaplan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127269","article-title":"Soundscape components, perceptions, and EEG reactions in typical mountainous urban parks","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2023.102219","article-title":"Well-being and multisensory urban parks at different ages: The role of interoception and audiovisual perception","volume":"93","author":"Ruotolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.05.005","article-title":"Classification of urban park soundscapes through perceptions of the acoustical environments","volume":"141","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Liu, S., and Liu, S. (2021). Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Landscape Features of Urban Community Parks on Health-Related Feelings of Users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157888"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"137","article-title":"Atmospheric architecture: Elements, processes and practices","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Howes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Senses and Sensation: Critical and Primary Sources"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.112597","article-title":"Reclaiming winter: How visual, thermal, and acoustic comfort shape psychological resto-ration in severe cold urban parks","volume":"271","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(98)00112-1","article-title":"Sound influence on landscape values","volume":"43","author":"Carles","year":"1999","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2019.126476","article-title":"Audio-visual interactive evaluation of the forest landscape based on eye-tracking experiments","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2016.08.013","article-title":"Incorporating local ecological knowledge into urban riparian restoration in a mountainous region of southwest China","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.097","article-title":"Noise exposure of residential areas along LRT lines in a mountainous city","volume":"568","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Yuan, Y., Sun, C., and Sun, M. (2022). The Perceived Restorative Quality of Viewing Various Types of Urban and Rural Scenes: Based on Psychological and Physiological Responses. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14073799"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-023-00757-4","article-title":"Psychophysiological Responses of College Students to Audio-Visual Forest Trail Landscapes","volume":"100","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113930","article-title":"Restorative benefits of urban green space: Physiological, psycho-logical restoration and eye movement analysis","volume":"301","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.103593","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis of changes in human physiological indicators observed in soundscapes","volume":"190","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104929","article-title":"Psycho-physiological restoration with audio-visual interactions through virtual reality simulations of soundscape and landscape experiences in urban, waterfront, and green environments","volume":"99","author":"Jeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.103654","article-title":"Trees, grass, or concrete? The effects of different types of environments on stress reduction","volume":"193","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.105654","article-title":"The effects of professional design training on urban public space perception: A virtual reality study with physiological and psychological measurements","volume":"158","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Sheng, Y., Luo, D., Huang, Y., Huang, J., Zhu, Z., Yao, X., Fu, W., Dong, J., and Lan, Y. (2023). Landscape characteristics in mountain parks across different urban gradients and their relationship with public response. Forests, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/f14122406"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469","article-title":"Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties","volume":"55","author":"Arnett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.06.015","article-title":"Evaluation of the thermal indices and thermal comfort improvement by different vegetation species and materials in a medium-sized urban park","volume":"6","author":"Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2021.100993","article-title":"Evaluating the role of the albedo of material and vegetation scenarios along the urban street canyon for improving pedestrian thermal comfort outdoors","volume":"40","author":"Mohammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2022.101671","article-title":"Effects of street orientation and tree species thermal comfort within urban canyons in a hot, dry climate","volume":"69","author":"Narimani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulrich, R.S. (1983). Aesthetic and Affective Response to Natural Environment. Behavior and the Natural Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3539-9_4"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Kaplan, R., and Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2006.05.024","article-title":"Psychological effects of forest environments on healthy adults: Shinrin-yoku (forest-air bathing, walking) as a possible method of stress reduction","volume":"121","author":"Morita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, C., Yang, X., Hu, C., and Gao, X. (2025). Spatial Perception Differences in Mountain City Park for Youth Experience: A Case Study of Parks in Yuzhong District, Chongqing. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17125581"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2021.101659","article-title":"Impacts of nature and built acoustic-visual en-vironments on human\u2019s multidimensional mood states: A cross-continent experiment","volume":"77","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.05.003","article-title":"Does landscape related expertise influence the visual perception of landscape photographs? implications for participatory landscape planning and management","volume":"141","author":"Dupont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2024.105293","article-title":"Natural or balanced? the physiological and psychological benefits of window views with different proportions of sky, green space, and buildings","volume":"104","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104695","article-title":"How does the visual environment influence pedestrian physiological stress? Evi-dence from high-density cities using ambulatory technology and spatial machine learning","volume":"96","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-020-00243-4","article-title":"Senses of place: Architectural design for the multisensory mind","volume":"5","author":"Spence","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn. Res. Princ. Implic."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5334\/irsp.181","article-title":"A practical primer to power analysis for simple experimental designs","volume":"31","author":"Perugini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2024.128337","article-title":"The effects of interaction with audiovisual elements on perceived restoration in urban parks in freezing weather","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112043","article-title":"Coexistence Perspectives: Exploring the impact of landscape features on aesthetic and recreational values in urban parks","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108381","article-title":"Visual quality evaluation model of an urban river landscape based on random forest","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2009.10.012","article-title":"The relation between perceived sensory dimensions of urban green space and stress restoration","volume":"94","author":"Grahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2018). International Organization for Standardization. Acoustics\u2014Soundscape\u2014Part 2: Data Collection and Re-Porting Requirements (Standard No. ISO\/TS 12913-2:2018). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/75267.html."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/h0058165","article-title":"The most predictable criterion","volume":"26","author":"Hotelling","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.105524","article-title":"Investigating the impact of data normalization on classification performance","volume":"97","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2020.107486","article-title":"Effects of the aural and visual experience on psycho-physiological recovery in urban and rural environments","volume":"169","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, K. (2011). Forests, Trees and Human Health and Well-being: Introduction. Forests, Trees and Human Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9806-1"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"41","article-title":"Young people\u2019s preferences in public spaces","volume":"18","author":"Khalifa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000583","article-title":"Environmental neuroscience","volume":"74","author":"Berman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46099-7","article-title":"Reduction of physiological stress by urban green space in a multisensory virtual experiment","volume":"9","author":"Hedblom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.106544","article-title":"Effects of audio-visual interactions on soundscape and landscape perception and their influence on satisfaction with the urban environment","volume":"169","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.04.003","article-title":"How cognitive aging affects multisensory integration of navigational cues","volume":"35","author":"Bates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro-Biol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916583153003","article-title":"A model of person-environment compatibility","volume":"15","author":"Kaplan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Lian, Z., and Brown, R.D. (2019). Effect of Landscape Microclimates on Thermal Comfort and Physiological Wellbeing. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11195387"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Qiao, X., Zhang, W., Meng, H., Gao, Y., and Zhang, T. (2023). The Influence of Forest Landscape Spaces on Physical and Mental Restoration and Preferences of young adults of Different Genders. Forests, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/f14010037"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"5678","article-title":"Associations between Green\/Blue Spaces and Mental Health","volume":"12","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.104791","article-title":"Integrating restorative perception into urban street planning: A framework using street view images, deep learning, and space syntax","volume":"147","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.113269","article-title":"Seeking comfort in the urban heat: Unraveling the effects of thermal-acoustic environments on psychological restoration in urban greenways","volume":"282","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/01490400500332710","article-title":"Heterogeneity in urban park use of aging visitors: A latent class analysis","volume":"28","author":"Kemperman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"9","article-title":"Evaluation of tourist survey of soundscape in meiling national forest park","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Silvae Sin."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suberry, A., and Bodner, E. (2024). Intergenerational Synchrony and Its Effect on Bonding and Group Closeness among Young and Older Adults. Behav. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.0034.v1"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/13\/4177\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T10:23:03Z","timestamp":1783419783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/13\/4177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s26134177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26134177","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]}}}