{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:16:00Z","timestamp":1783070160830,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: This study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive multi-sensor integrated platform for objective assessment of skeletal muscle recovery kinetics following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), combining biomechanical, thermal, and biochemical monitoring modalities. Methods: Forty elite male athletes were randomized to microwave diathermy (MWD, n = 20, 2.45 GHz, 160 W, 45 min\/session) or control (n = 20) groups. Time-synchronized multi-sensor assessments at baseline, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post-EIMD included: biomechanical sensors (knee flexion range of motion via goniometry and isokinetic peak torque), thermal sensor (skin surface temperature via infrared thermometry), and biochemical sensor array (serum CK, IL-6, and CRP via high-sensitivity ELISA). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction examined group \u00d7 time interactions across all sensor channels. Results: Pre-study validation confirmed high reliability across all sensor modalities. Cross-modality concordance analysis revealed significant correlations between biomechanical and biochemical recovery trajectories (isokinetic torque vs. IL-6: r = \u22120.73, p &lt; 0.001; pain vs. IL-6: r = 0.68, p &lt; 0.001). MWD intervention demonstrated accelerated recovery across all sensor channels: complete ROM recovery by 48 h (MWDG post-2 vs. baseline, p &gt; 0.05; CG post-3 43% below baseline, p &lt; 0.001), complete isokinetic torque restoration by 72 h (MWDG post-3 vs. baseline, p &gt; 0.05; CG 44% below baseline, p &lt; 0.001), and near-complete pain resolution (VAS 1.70 \u00b1 2.50 mm, p &lt; 0.05). Biomarker sensors demonstrated differential recovery kinetics: IL-6 normalized by 48 h (1.52 \u00b1 0.14 pg\/mL, p &gt; 0.05 vs. baseline), CRP approached baseline by 72 h (0.73 \u00b1 0.24 mg\/L, p &gt; 0.05), while CK remained elevated at post-3 (169.70 \u00b1 22.58 U\/L, 30% above baseline, p &lt; 0.001), indicating incomplete myofiber membrane integrity recovery despite resolution of systemic inflammatory markers. The control group exhibited persistent deficits across all sensor channels with no clinically meaningful recovery. Conclusions: This study validated an integrated multi-sensor platform for recovery assessment. Microwave diathermy demonstrated efficacy by 72 h with complete functional recovery and inflammatory normalization (though CK remained elevated). Cross-modality concordance (r = \u22120.73 to 0.68) confirmed superior assessment compared to single-modality approaches. This laboratory-based methodology provides a framework for future portable sensor systems in athletic surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T07:59:47Z","timestamp":1783065587000},"page":"4215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated Multi-Sensor Assessment System for Objective Muscle Recovery Monitoring: Application of Isokinetic Dynamometry, Infrared Thermometry, and Multi-Biomarker ELISA in Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0278-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soungyob","family":"Rhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Rehabilitation Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8622-1166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonggeun","family":"Sin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REV-MED Inc., Yongin-si 16801, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-025-01445-3","article-title":"The impact of exercise on chronic systemic inflammation: A systematic review and meta-meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Magni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sport Sci. 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