{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:10:40Z","timestamp":1785431440795,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/05210\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/05210\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/00617\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00617\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"]}]},{"award":["UID\/05210\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/05210\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UID\/00617\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00617\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spontaneous movement analysis provides valuable information about the maturation of the central nervous system and the emergence of motor control strategies in very young babies. Nonlinear measures capture dynamic aspects of movement that cannot be represented by linear methods. However, their implementation in clinical practice faces challenges, including the lack of standardized protocols and accessible tools for routine use. This scoping review aimed to map and characterize the nonlinear measures used to analyze spontaneous infant movement, including assessment context, instruments, data collection protocols, and main variables. The review followed JBI methodology and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Searches were conducted in PubMed\u00ae, Web of Science\u2122, IEEE Xplore\u00ae, ScienceDirect\u00ae, and Google Scholar for studies published from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2025. Of 1166 records identified, 18 met the inclusion criteria. The nonlinear measures were grouped into five main methodological families: entropy-based measures (n = 10), state-space and dynamical systems measures (n = 4), recurrence-based analysis (n = 3), symbolic and discrete-state approaches (n = 3), and variance and frequency-based nonlinear descriptors (n = 1). Studies were conducted in laboratory settings (n = 6) and in hospital and\/or home environments (n = 10). Two studies did not clearly specify the assessment context. Kinematic assessment was mainly performed using video-based systems (n = 7), accelerometers (n = 4), and wearable sensors (n = 2), with most studies focusing on the upper and lower limbs. Several investigations extended beyond single-joint analyses to examine inter-limb relationships and whole-body configurations, capturing spatial coordination patterns across multiple body segments. Kinetic assessment was conducted using pressure mats (n = 4) and force platforms (n = 1), with the center of pressure displacement as the primary outcome. Future research should prioritise methodological harmonisation and theoretical clarity. Consensus is needed regarding minimal data requirements, parameter selection, and reporting standards for commonly used nonlinear measures. Studies should also move beyond single-metric approaches and adopt multivariate frameworks that integrate complementary nonlinear metrics. The absence of standardised acquisition and analytical protocols currently limits cross-study comparability and hinders the clinical translation of nonlinear movement metrics as objective tools for early neurodevelopmental assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:01:37Z","timestamp":1783339297000},"page":"4267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nonlinear Measures Applied to Spontaneous Infant Movement Analysis: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Joana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADEUP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIR, ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida No. 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida No. 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6325-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H2M-Health and Human Movement Unit, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Sa\u00fade do Norte, CESPU, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida No. 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0640-8181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H2M-Health and Human Movement Unit, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Sa\u00fade do Norte, CESPU, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9002-8976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lder","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADEUP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1484-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIR, ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida No. 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida No. 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcroft, C., Khan, A., Embleton, N.D., Trenell, M., and Pl\u00f6tz, T. 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