{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:15:05Z","timestamp":1783343705985,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project for Major Industrial Key Technical Breakthrough of Henan Province","award":["251000320100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251000320100"]}]},{"name":"2024 Henan Province Industrial Research and Development Joint Fund Major Project","award":["245101610033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["245101610033"]}]},{"name":"2025 Henan Province Science and Technology Key Project","award":["252102411007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102411007"]}]},{"name":"2025 National Administration for Market Regulation Science and Technology Program","award":["2024MK080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024MK080"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetic fluid tilt sensors possess excellent shock resistance and strong adaptability to extreme environments, making them a highly promising new type of angle measurement device. This paper proposes a new miniaturized tilt sensor structure composed of a central permanent magnet, restoring magnets at both ends, magnetic fluid, and a Hall element. The inner diameter of the new sensor is only 8 mm and the overall length is 110 mm. The numerical electromagnetic field simulation model of the tilt sensor was established using COMSOL v6.1. Simulation analyses were conducted on the magnetic flux density distribution of the permanent magnet and the restoring force between permanent magnets. The structural dimensions of the central permanent magnet and restoring magnet were determined through analysis based on the simulation results. Subsequently, static and dynamic performance tests were conducted on the tilt sensor. The results demonstrate that the novel tilt sensor delivers excellent repeatability and low hysteresis error. The measurement range of the sensor is \u221235\u00b0 to +35\u00b0, with a repeatability error of 0.46%, hysteresis error of 0.71%, linearity of 4.52%, and static sensitivity of 32.5 mV\/\u00b0, as well as good dynamic response stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26134280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:01:37Z","timestamp":1783339297000},"page":"4280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and Experimental Study of a Novel Tilt Sensor Based on Magnetic Fluid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9875-0210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"},{"name":"School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linjian","family":"Shangguan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"},{"name":"School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoubo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118306","article-title":"Ultra-sensitive radio-frequency biosensor based on mode-locked fiber laser using functionalized tilted fiber Bragg grating","volume":"296","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biosens. 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