{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T05:34:47Z","timestamp":1788068087838,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inverter-dominated microgrids are highly vulnerable to stealthy cyber\u2013physical drift attacks, low-amplitude, slowly varying perturbations that bypass conventional statistical filters to induce voltage degradation and delayed collapse. This paper introduces a resilient, delay-aware supervisory control architecture that acts as an online safety shield at the actuator interface. By jointly modeling nonlinear power-flow interactions and directional communication topologies, we construct physics-informed Control Barrier Functions (CBFs), embedding structural electrical invariants derived from the nodal admittance matrix Ybus. The supervisor directly incorporates heterogeneous, time-varying network delays into its safety constraints and utilizes a threat-adaptive modulation loop driven by spatio-temporal residuals to dynamically scale intervention aggressiveness. Using a Lyapunov\u2013Krasovskii functional, we prove that the closed-loop tracking error is Input-to-State Stable (ISS) under bounded drift and worst-case latencies. High-fidelity simulations on an IEEE 14-bus test feeder demonstrate that the supervisor consistently enforces non-negative safety margins and reduces time-integrated voltage violations. Under coordinated sub-threshold attacks designed to exploit network jitter, the architecture bounds trajectories to physically consistent manifolds and prevents voltage collapse, establishing a scalable cross-layer safety framework for resilient distribution systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26144329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:16:18Z","timestamp":1783527378000},"page":"4329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Network-Aware Control Barrier Functions for Resilient Microgrids Under Stealthy Drift Attacks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8246-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mordecai Opoku","family":"Ohemeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1241-2750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick T.","family":"Sheldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2024.114709","article-title":"Modern distribution system expansion planning considering new market designs: Review and future directions","volume":"202","author":"Lezama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. 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