{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:52:38Z","timestamp":1785433958662,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009683","name":"Parkinson's Queensland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04d4fer41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Calvin Trust","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous gait monitoring is important in Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PD) as gait deteriorates with disease progression and responses to treatment vary over time. Wearable sensor systems offer a practical alternative to laboratory-based gait assessment for real-world monitoring. This study aimed to (1) validate spatiotemporal gait parameters derived from the NUSHU smart shoe system against the Vicon motion capture system in healthy older adults and individuals with PD, and (2) assess whether measurement agreement was maintained during active vibrotactile feedback delivery. Thirty-two participants (17 with mild to moderate PD and 15 age- and gender-matched healthy older adults; mean age 67 \u00b1 7.4 years) completed overground walking trials under no vibration, stance phase vibration, and swing phase vibration conditions. A total of 4790 strides were analysed using linear mixed effects models. Overall agreement was good for stride length (ICC = 0.894, CCC = 0.926), stride time (ICC = 0.853, CCC = 0.954), and velocity (ICC = 0.885, CCC = 0.940), with moderate agreement for double support time (ICC = 0.752, CCC = 0.477). Agreement remained consistent across vibration conditions in both groups. The NUSHU system demonstrates acceptable validity for stride length, stride time, and velocity under both measurement and active feedback modes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26144446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:55:21Z","timestamp":1783990521000},"page":"4446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Smart Shoe System for Gait Analysis and Remote Monitoring in Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014A Validation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3476-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanshika","family":"Maddumage Dona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3551-7010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Lehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1714-9915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadeesha","family":"Kalyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Psychological and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Prins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1008-256X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102147","article-title":"Exercise and gait\/movement analyses in treatment and diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"93","author":"Burtscher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. 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